Lab2 publish

CMakeLists.txt

+cmake_minimum_required( VERSION 3.8 )
+project(CMINUSF)
+
+set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -std=c99")
+
+SET(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG "$ENV{CXXFLAGS} -O0 -Wall -g2 -ggdb")
+SET(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE "$ENV{CXXFLAGS} -O3 -Wall")
+SET(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_ASAN "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG} -fsanitize=undefined -fsanitize=address")
+
+set(default_build_type "Debug")
+
+if(NOT(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE_SHADOW STREQUAL CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE))
+    if(NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE AND NOT CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES)
+        message(STATUS "Setting build type to '${default_build_type}'")
+        set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE "${default_build_type}" CACHE STRING "Choose the type of build." FORCE)
+    else()
+        message(STATUS "Building in ${CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE} mode")
+    endif()
+
+    set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE_SHADOW ${CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE} CACHE STRING "used to detect changes in build type" FORCE)
+endif()
+
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 17)
+set(CMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS ON)
+
+find_package(FLEX REQUIRED)
+find_package(BISON REQUIRED)
+find_package(LLVM REQUIRED CONFIG)
+message(STATUS "Found LLVM ${LLVM_PACKAGE_VERSION}")
+message(STATUS "Using LLVMConfig.cmake in: ${LLVM_DIR}")
+llvm_map_components_to_libnames(
+    llvm_libs
+    support
+    core
+)
+
+INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES(
+    include
+    include/cminusfc
+    include/common
+    include/lightir
+    ${LLVM_INCLUDE_DIRS}
+)
+
+add_definitions(${LLVM_DEFINITIONS})
+
+set(CMAKE_RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR})
+set(CMAKE_ARCHIVE_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR})
+set(CMAKE_LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR})
+
+include_directories(${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR})
+include_directories(${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR})
+add_subdirectory(src)
+add_subdirectory(tests)

README.md

-This is 2025 compiler.
\ No newline at end of file
+# 简介
+
+本仓库为 USTC 编译原理和技术 2025 的课程实验仓库。在本学期的编译实验中，你们将构建一个从词法分析器开始到后端代码生成的JIANMU编译器。
+
+你们需要 fork 此 repo 到自己的仓库下，随后在自己的仓库中完成实验。
+
+
+## 测试脚本使用方法
+
+eval_lab2.sh: 
+    没有参数，直接运行即可，结果会生成在 eval_result 下
\ No newline at end of file

include/cminusfc/cminusf_builder.hpp

+#pragma once
+
+#include "BasicBlock.hpp"
+#include "Constant.hpp"
+#include "Function.hpp"
+#include "IRBuilder.hpp"
+#include "Module.hpp"
+#include "Type.hpp"
+#include "ast.hpp"
+
+#include <map>
+#include <memory>
+
+class Scope {
+  public:
+    // enter a new scope
+    void enter() { inner.emplace_back(); }
+
+    // exit a scope
+    void exit() { inner.pop_back(); }
+
+    bool in_global() { return inner.size() == 1; }
+
+    // push a name to scope
+    // return true if successful
+    // return false if this name already exits
+    bool push(const std::string& name, Value *val) {
+        auto result = inner[inner.size() - 1].insert({name, val});
+        return result.second;
+    }
+
+    Value *find(const std::string& name) {
+        for (auto s = inner.rbegin(); s != inner.rend(); s++) {
+            auto iter = s->find(name);
+            if (iter != s->end()) {
+                return iter->second;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Name not found: handled here?
+        assert(false && "Name not found in scope");
+
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+  private:
+    std::vector<std::map<std::string, Value *>> inner;
+};
+
+class CminusfBuilder : public ASTVisitor {
+  public:
+    CminusfBuilder() {
+        module = std::make_unique<Module>();
+        builder = std::make_unique<IRBuilder>(nullptr, module.get());
+        auto *TyVoid = module->get_void_type();
+        auto *TyInt32 = module->get_int32_type();
+        auto *TyFloat = module->get_float_type();
+
+        auto *input_type = FunctionType::get(TyInt32, {});
+        auto *input_fun = Function::create(input_type, "input", module.get());
+
+        std::vector<Type *> output_params;
+        output_params.push_back(TyInt32);
+        auto *output_type = FunctionType::get(TyVoid, output_params);
+        auto *output_fun = Function::create(output_type, "output", module.get());
+
+        std::vector<Type *> output_float_params;
+        output_float_params.push_back(TyFloat);
+        auto *output_float_type = FunctionType::get(TyVoid, output_float_params);
+        auto *output_float_fun =
+            Function::create(output_float_type, "outputFloat", module.get());
+
+        auto *neg_idx_except_type = FunctionType::get(TyVoid, {});
+        auto *neg_idx_except_fun = Function::create(
+            neg_idx_except_type, "neg_idx_except", module.get());
+
+        scope.enter();
+        scope.push("input", input_fun);
+        scope.push("output", output_fun);
+        scope.push("outputFloat", output_float_fun);
+        scope.push("neg_idx_except", neg_idx_except_fun);
+    }
+
+    std::unique_ptr<Module> getModule() { return std::move(module); }
+
+  private:
+    virtual Value *visit(ASTProgram &) override final;
+    virtual Value *visit(ASTNum &) override final;
+    virtual Value *visit(ASTVarDeclaration &) override final;
+    virtual Value *visit(ASTFunDeclaration &) override final;
+    virtual Value *visit(ASTParam &) override final;
+    virtual Value *visit(ASTCompoundStmt &) override final;
+    virtual Value *visit(ASTExpressionStmt &) override final;
+    virtual Value *visit(ASTSelectionStmt &) override final;
+    virtual Value *visit(ASTIterationStmt &) override final;
+    virtual Value *visit(ASTReturnStmt &) override final;
+    virtual Value *visit(ASTAssignExpression &) override final;
+    virtual Value *visit(ASTSimpleExpression &) override final;
+    virtual Value *visit(ASTAdditiveExpression &) override final;
+    virtual Value *visit(ASTVar &) override final;
+    virtual Value *visit(ASTTerm &) override final;
+    virtual Value *visit(ASTCall &) override final;
+
+    std::unique_ptr<IRBuilder> builder;
+    Scope scope;
+    std::unique_ptr<Module> module;
+
+    struct {
+        // function that is being built
+        Function *func = nullptr;
+        // TODO: you should add more fields to store state
+    } context;
+};

include/common/ast.hpp

+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstdarg>
+extern "C" {
+#include "syntax_tree.h"
+extern syntax_tree *parse(const char *input);
+}
+#include "User.hpp"
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+enum CminusType { TYPE_INT, TYPE_FLOAT, TYPE_VOID };
+
+enum RelOp {
+    // <=
+    OP_LE,
+    // <
+    OP_LT,
+    // >
+    OP_GT,
+    // >=
+    OP_GE,
+    // ==
+    OP_EQ,
+    // !=
+    OP_NEQ
+};
+
+enum AddOp {
+    // +
+    OP_PLUS,
+    // -
+    OP_MINUS
+};
+
+enum MulOp {
+    // *
+    OP_MUL,
+    // /
+    OP_DIV
+};
+
+class AST;
+
+struct ASTNode;
+struct ASTProgram;
+struct ASTDeclaration;
+struct ASTNum;
+struct ASTVarDeclaration;
+struct ASTFunDeclaration;
+struct ASTParam;
+
+struct ASTCompoundStmt;
+struct ASTStatement;
+struct ASTExpressionStmt;
+struct ASTSelectionStmt;
+struct ASTIterationStmt;
+struct ASTReturnStmt;
+struct ASTFactor;
+struct ASTExpression;
+struct ASTVar;
+struct ASTAssignExpression;
+struct ASTSimpleExpression;
+struct ASTAdditiveExpression;
+struct ASTTerm;
+struct ASTCall;
+
+class ASTVisitor;
+
+class AST {
+  public:
+    AST() = delete;
+    AST(syntax_tree *);
+    AST(AST &&tree) {
+        root = tree.root;
+        tree.root = nullptr;
+    };
+    ASTProgram *get_root() { return root.get(); }
+    void run_visitor(ASTVisitor &visitor);
+
+  private:
+    ASTNode *transform_node_iter(syntax_tree_node *);
+    std::shared_ptr<ASTProgram> root = nullptr;
+};
+
+struct ASTNode {
+    virtual Value* accept(ASTVisitor &) = 0;
+    virtual ~ASTNode() = default;
+};
+
+struct ASTProgram : ASTNode {
+    virtual Value* accept(ASTVisitor &) override final;
+    virtual ~ASTProgram() = default;
+    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<ASTDeclaration>> declarations;
+};
+
+struct ASTDeclaration : ASTNode {
+    virtual ~ASTDeclaration() = default;
+    CminusType type;
+    std::string id;
+};
+
+struct ASTFactor : ASTNode {
+    virtual ~ASTFactor() = default;
+};
+
+struct ASTNum : ASTFactor {
+    virtual Value* accept(ASTVisitor &) override final;
+    CminusType type;
+    union {
+        int i_val;
+        float f_val;
+    };
+};
+
+struct ASTVarDeclaration : ASTDeclaration {
+    virtual Value* accept(ASTVisitor &) override final;
+    std::shared_ptr<ASTNum> num;
+};
+
+struct ASTFunDeclaration : ASTDeclaration {
+    virtual Value* accept(ASTVisitor &) override final;
+    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<ASTParam>> params;
+    std::shared_ptr<ASTCompoundStmt> compound_stmt;
+};
+
+struct ASTParam : ASTNode {
+    virtual Value* accept(ASTVisitor &) override final;
+    CminusType type;
+    std::string id;
+    // true if it is array param
+    bool isarray;
+};
+
+struct ASTStatement : ASTNode {
+    virtual ~ASTStatement() = default;
+};
+
+struct ASTCompoundStmt : ASTStatement {
+    virtual Value* accept(ASTVisitor &) override final;
+    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<ASTVarDeclaration>> local_declarations;
+    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<ASTStatement>> statement_list;
+};
+
+struct ASTExpressionStmt : ASTStatement {
+    virtual Value* accept(ASTVisitor &) override final;
+    std::shared_ptr<ASTExpression> expression;
+};
+
+struct ASTSelectionStmt : ASTStatement {
+    virtual Value* accept(ASTVisitor &) override final;
+    std::shared_ptr<ASTExpression> expression;
+    std::shared_ptr<ASTStatement> if_statement;
+    // should be nullptr if no else structure exists
+    std::shared_ptr<ASTStatement> else_statement;
+};
+
+struct ASTIterationStmt : ASTStatement {
+    virtual Value* accept(ASTVisitor &) override final;
+    std::shared_ptr<ASTExpression> expression;
+    std::shared_ptr<ASTStatement> statement;
+};
+
+struct ASTReturnStmt : ASTStatement {
+    virtual Value* accept(ASTVisitor &) override final;
+    // should be nullptr if return void
+    std::shared_ptr<ASTExpression> expression;
+};
+
+struct ASTExpression : ASTFactor {};
+
+struct ASTAssignExpression : ASTExpression {
+    virtual Value* accept(ASTVisitor &) override final;
+    std::shared_ptr<ASTVar> var;
+    std::shared_ptr<ASTExpression> expression;
+};
+
+struct ASTSimpleExpression : ASTExpression {
+    virtual Value* accept(ASTVisitor &) override final;
+    std::shared_ptr<ASTAdditiveExpression> additive_expression_l;
+    std::shared_ptr<ASTAdditiveExpression> additive_expression_r;
+    RelOp op;
+};
+
+struct ASTVar : ASTFactor {
+    virtual Value* accept(ASTVisitor &) override final;
+    std::string id;
+    // nullptr if var is of int type
+    std::shared_ptr<ASTExpression> expression;
+};
+
+struct ASTAdditiveExpression : ASTNode {
+    virtual Value* accept(ASTVisitor &) override final;
+    std::shared_ptr<ASTAdditiveExpression> additive_expression;
+    AddOp op;
+    std::shared_ptr<ASTTerm> term;
+};
+
+struct ASTTerm : ASTNode {
+    virtual Value* accept(ASTVisitor &) override final;
+    std::shared_ptr<ASTTerm> term;
+    MulOp op;
+    std::shared_ptr<ASTFactor> factor;
+};
+
+struct ASTCall : ASTFactor {
+    virtual Value* accept(ASTVisitor &) override final;
+    std::string id;
+    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<ASTExpression>> args;
+};
+
+class ASTVisitor {
+  public:
+    virtual Value* visit(ASTProgram &) = 0;
+    virtual Value* visit(ASTNum &) = 0;
+    virtual Value* visit(ASTVarDeclaration &) = 0;
+    virtual Value* visit(ASTFunDeclaration &) = 0;
+    virtual Value* visit(ASTParam &) = 0;
+    virtual Value* visit(ASTCompoundStmt &) = 0;
+    virtual Value* visit(ASTExpressionStmt &) = 0;
+    virtual Value* visit(ASTSelectionStmt &) = 0;
+    virtual Value* visit(ASTIterationStmt &) = 0;
+    virtual Value* visit(ASTReturnStmt &) = 0;
+    virtual Value* visit(ASTAssignExpression &) = 0;
+    virtual Value* visit(ASTSimpleExpression &) = 0;
+    virtual Value* visit(ASTAdditiveExpression &) = 0;
+    virtual Value* visit(ASTVar &) = 0;
+    virtual Value* visit(ASTTerm &) = 0;
+    virtual Value* visit(ASTCall &) = 0;
+};
+
+class ASTPrinter : public ASTVisitor {
+  public:
+    virtual Value* visit(ASTProgram &) override final;
+    virtual Value* visit(ASTNum &) override final;
+    virtual Value* visit(ASTVarDeclaration &) override final;
+    virtual Value* visit(ASTFunDeclaration &) override final;
+    virtual Value* visit(ASTParam &) override final;
+    virtual Value* visit(ASTCompoundStmt &) override final;
+    virtual Value* visit(ASTExpressionStmt &) override final;
+    virtual Value* visit(ASTSelectionStmt &) override final;
+    virtual Value* visit(ASTIterationStmt &) override final;
+    virtual Value* visit(ASTReturnStmt &) override final;
+    virtual Value* visit(ASTAssignExpression &) override final;
+    virtual Value* visit(ASTSimpleExpression &) override final;
+    virtual Value* visit(ASTAdditiveExpression &) override final;
+    virtual Value* visit(ASTVar &) override final;
+    virtual Value* visit(ASTTerm &) override final;
+    virtual Value* visit(ASTCall &) override final;
+    void add_depth() { depth += 2; }
+    void remove_depth() { depth -= 2; }
+
+  private:
+    int depth = 0;
+};

include/common/logging.hpp

+#ifndef LOGGING_HPP
+#define LOGGING_HPP
+
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <sstream>
+
+enum LogLevel { DEBUG = 0, INFO, WARNING, ERROR };
+struct LocationInfo {
+    LocationInfo(std::string file, int line, const char *func)
+        : file_(file), line_(line), func_(func) {}
+    ~LocationInfo() = default;
+
+    std::string file_;
+    int line_;
+    const char *func_;
+};
+class LogStream;
+class LogWriter;
+
+class LogWriter {
+  public:
+    LogWriter(LocationInfo location, LogLevel loglevel)
+        : location_(location), log_level_(loglevel) {
+        char *logv = std::getenv("LOGV");
+        if (logv) {
+            std::string string_logv = logv;
+            env_log_level = std::stoi(logv);
+        } else {
+            env_log_level = 4;
+        }
+    };
+
+    void operator<(const LogStream &stream);
+
+  private:
+    void output_log(const std::ostringstream &g);
+    LocationInfo location_;
+    LogLevel log_level_;
+    int env_log_level;
+};
+
+class LogStream {
+  public:
+    template <typename T> LogStream &operator<<(const T &val) noexcept {
+        sstream_ << val;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    friend class LogWriter;
+
+  private:
+    std::stringstream sstream_{};
+};
+
+std::string level2string(LogLevel level);
+std::string get_short_name(const char *file_path);
+
+#define __FILESHORTNAME__ get_short_name(__FILE__)
+#define LOG_IF(level)                                                          \
+    LogWriter(LocationInfo(__FILESHORTNAME__, __LINE__, __FUNCTION__),         \
+              level) < LogStream()
+#define LOG(level) LOG_##level
+#define LOG_DEBUG LOG_IF(DEBUG)
+#define LOG_INFO LOG_IF(INFO)
+#define LOG_WARNING LOG_IF(WARNING)
+#define LOG_ERROR LOG_IF(ERROR)
+
+#endif

include/common/syntax_tree.h

+#ifndef __SYNTAXTREE_H__
+#define __SYNTAXTREE_H__
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#define SYNTAX_TREE_NODE_NAME_MAX 30
+
+struct _syntax_tree_node {
+    struct _syntax_tree_node *parent;
+    struct _syntax_tree_node *children[10];
+    int children_num;
+
+    char name[SYNTAX_TREE_NODE_NAME_MAX];
+};
+typedef struct _syntax_tree_node syntax_tree_node;
+
+syntax_tree_node *new_anon_syntax_tree_node();
+syntax_tree_node *new_syntax_tree_node(const char *name);
+int syntax_tree_add_child(syntax_tree_node *parent, syntax_tree_node *child);
+void del_syntax_tree_node(syntax_tree_node *node, int recursive);
+
+struct _syntax_tree {
+    syntax_tree_node *root;
+};
+typedef struct _syntax_tree syntax_tree;
+
+syntax_tree *new_syntax_tree();
+void del_syntax_tree(syntax_tree *tree);
+void print_syntax_tree(FILE *fout, syntax_tree *tree);
+
+#endif /* SyntaxTree.h */

include/lightir/BasicBlock.hpp

+#pragma once
+
+#include "Instruction.hpp"
+#include "Value.hpp"
+
+#include <list>
+#include <llvm/ADT/ilist.h>
+#include <llvm/ADT/ilist_node.h>
+#include <set>
+#include <string>
+
+class Function;
+class Instruction;
+class Module;
+
+class BasicBlock : public Value, public llvm::ilist_node<BasicBlock> {
+  public:
+    ~BasicBlock() = default;
+    static BasicBlock *create(Module *m, const std::string &name,
+                              Function *parent) {
+        auto prefix = name.empty() ? "" : "label_";
+        return new BasicBlock(m, prefix + name, parent);
+    }
+
+    /****************api about cfg****************/
+    std::list<BasicBlock *> &get_pre_basic_blocks() { return pre_bbs_; }
+    std::list<BasicBlock *> &get_succ_basic_blocks() { return succ_bbs_; }
+
+    void add_pre_basic_block(BasicBlock *bb) { pre_bbs_.push_back(bb); }
+    void add_succ_basic_block(BasicBlock *bb) { succ_bbs_.push_back(bb); }
+    void remove_pre_basic_block(BasicBlock *bb) { pre_bbs_.remove(bb); }
+    void remove_succ_basic_block(BasicBlock *bb) { succ_bbs_.remove(bb); }
+
+    // If the Block is terminated by ret/br
+    bool is_terminated() const;
+    // Get terminator, only accept valid case use
+    Instruction *get_terminator();
+
+    /****************api about Instruction****************/
+    void add_instruction(Instruction *instr);
+    void add_instr_begin(Instruction *instr) { instr_list_.push_front(instr); }
+    void erase_instr(Instruction *instr) { instr_list_.erase(instr); }
+    void remove_instr(Instruction *instr) { instr_list_.remove(instr); }
+
+    llvm::ilist<Instruction> &get_instructions() { return instr_list_; }
+    bool empty() const { return instr_list_.empty(); }
+    int get_num_of_instr() const { return instr_list_.size(); }
+
+    /****************api about accessing parent****************/
+    Function *get_parent() { return parent_; }
+    Module *get_module();
+    void erase_from_parent();
+
+    virtual std::string print() override;
+
+  private:
+    BasicBlock(const BasicBlock &) = delete;
+    explicit BasicBlock(Module *m, const std::string &name, Function *parent);
+
+    std::list<BasicBlock *> pre_bbs_;
+    std::list<BasicBlock *> succ_bbs_;
+    llvm::ilist<Instruction> instr_list_;
+    Function *parent_;
+};

include/lightir/Constant.hpp

+#pragma once
+
+#include "Type.hpp"
+#include "User.hpp"
+#include "Value.hpp"
+
+class Constant : public User {
+  private:
+    // int value;
+  public:
+    Constant(Type *ty, const std::string &name = "") : User(ty, name) {}
+    ~Constant() = default;
+};
+
+class ConstantInt : public Constant {
+  private:
+    int value_;
+    ConstantInt(Type *ty, int val) : Constant(ty, ""), value_(val) {}
+
+  public:
+    int get_value() { return value_; }
+    static ConstantInt *get(int val, Module *m);
+    static ConstantInt *get(bool val, Module *m);
+    virtual std::string print() override;
+};
+
+class ConstantArray : public Constant {
+  private:
+    std::vector<Constant *> const_array;
+
+    ConstantArray(ArrayType *ty, const std::vector<Constant *> &val);
+
+  public:
+    ~ConstantArray() = default;
+
+    Constant *get_element_value(int index);
+
+    unsigned get_size_of_array() { return const_array.size(); }
+
+    static ConstantArray *get(ArrayType *ty,
+                              const std::vector<Constant *> &val);
+
+    virtual std::string print() override;
+};
+
+class ConstantZero : public Constant {
+  private:
+    ConstantZero(Type *ty) : Constant(ty, "") {}
+
+  public:
+    static ConstantZero *get(Type *ty, Module *m);
+    virtual std::string print() override;
+};
+
+class ConstantFP : public Constant {
+  private:
+    float val_;
+    ConstantFP(Type *ty, float val) : Constant(ty, ""), val_(val) {}
+
+  public:
+    static ConstantFP *get(float val, Module *m);
+    float get_value() { return val_; }
+    virtual std::string print() override;
+};

include/lightir/Function.hpp

+#pragma once
+
+#include "BasicBlock.hpp"
+#include "Type.hpp"
+#include "User.hpp"
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <list>
+#include <llvm/ADT/ilist.h>
+#include <llvm/ADT/ilist_node.h>
+#include <map>
+#include <memory>
+
+class Module;
+class Argument;
+class Type;
+class FunctionType;
+
+class Function : public Value, public llvm::ilist_node<Function> {
+  public:
+    Function(const Function &) = delete;
+    Function(FunctionType *ty, const std::string &name, Module *parent);
+    ~Function() = default;
+    static Function *create(FunctionType *ty, const std::string &name,
+                            Module *parent);
+
+    FunctionType *get_function_type() const;
+    Type *get_return_type() const;
+
+    void add_basic_block(BasicBlock *bb);
+
+    unsigned get_num_of_args() const;
+    unsigned get_num_basic_blocks() const;
+
+    Module *get_parent() const;
+
+    void remove(BasicBlock *bb);
+    BasicBlock *get_entry_block() { return &*basic_blocks_.begin(); }
+
+    llvm::ilist<BasicBlock> &get_basic_blocks() { return basic_blocks_; }
+    std::list<Argument> &get_args() { return arguments_; }
+
+    bool is_declaration() { return basic_blocks_.empty(); }
+
+    void set_instr_name();
+    std::string print();
+
+  private:
+    llvm::ilist<BasicBlock> basic_blocks_;
+    std::list<Argument> arguments_;
+    Module *parent_;
+    unsigned seq_cnt_; // print use
+};
+
+// Argument of Function, does not contain actual value
+class Argument : public Value {
+  public:
+    Argument(const Argument &) = delete;
+    explicit Argument(Type *ty, const std::string &name = "",
+                      Function *f = nullptr, unsigned arg_no = 0)
+        : Value(ty, name), parent_(f), arg_no_(arg_no) {}
+    virtual ~Argument() {}
+
+    inline const Function *get_parent() const { return parent_; }
+    inline Function *get_parent() { return parent_; }
+
+    /// For example in "void foo(int a, float b)" a is 0 and b is 1.
+    unsigned get_arg_no() const {
+        assert(parent_ && "can't get number of unparented arg");
+        return arg_no_;
+    }
+
+    virtual std::string print() override;
+
+  private:
+    Function *parent_;
+    unsigned arg_no_; // argument No.
+};

include/lightir/GlobalVariable.hpp

+#pragma once
+
+#include "Constant.hpp"
+#include "User.hpp"
+
+#include <llvm/ADT/ilist_node.h>
+class Module;
+class GlobalVariable : public User, public llvm::ilist_node<GlobalVariable> {
+  private:
+    bool is_const_;
+    Constant *init_val_;
+    GlobalVariable(std::string name, Module *m, Type *ty, bool is_const,
+                   Constant *init = nullptr);
+
+  public:
+    GlobalVariable(const GlobalVariable &) = delete;
+    static GlobalVariable *create(std::string name, Module *m, Type *ty,
+                                  bool is_const, Constant *init);
+    virtual ~GlobalVariable() = default;
+    Constant *get_init() { return init_val_; }
+    bool is_const() { return is_const_; }
+    std::string print();
+};

include/lightir/IRBuilder.hpp

+#pragma once
+
+#include "BasicBlock.hpp"
+#include "Function.hpp"
+#include "Instruction.hpp"
+#include "Value.hpp"
+
+class IRBuilder {
+  private:
+    BasicBlock *BB_;
+    Module *m_;
+
+  public:
+    IRBuilder(BasicBlock *bb, Module *m) : BB_(bb), m_(m){};
+    ~IRBuilder() = default;
+    Module *get_module() { return m_; }
+    BasicBlock *get_insert_block() { return this->BB_; }
+    void set_insert_point(BasicBlock *bb) {
+        this->BB_ = bb;
+    } // 在某个基本块中插入指令
+    IBinaryInst *create_iadd(Value *lhs, Value *rhs) {
+        return IBinaryInst::create_add(lhs, rhs, this->BB_);
+    } // 创建加法指令（以及其他算术指令）
+    IBinaryInst *create_isub(Value *lhs, Value *rhs) {
+        return IBinaryInst::create_sub(lhs, rhs, this->BB_);
+    }
+    IBinaryInst *create_imul(Value *lhs, Value *rhs) {
+        return IBinaryInst::create_mul(lhs, rhs, this->BB_);
+    }
+    IBinaryInst *create_isdiv(Value *lhs, Value *rhs) {
+        return IBinaryInst::create_sdiv(lhs, rhs, this->BB_);
+    }
+
+    ICmpInst *create_icmp_eq(Value *lhs, Value *rhs) {
+        return ICmpInst::create_eq(lhs, rhs, this->BB_);
+    }
+    ICmpInst *create_icmp_ne(Value *lhs, Value *rhs) {
+        return ICmpInst::create_ne(lhs, rhs, this->BB_);
+    }
+    ICmpInst *create_icmp_gt(Value *lhs, Value *rhs) {
+        return ICmpInst::create_gt(lhs, rhs, this->BB_);
+    }
+    ICmpInst *create_icmp_ge(Value *lhs, Value *rhs) {
+        return ICmpInst::create_ge(lhs, rhs, this->BB_);
+    }
+    ICmpInst *create_icmp_lt(Value *lhs, Value *rhs) {
+        return ICmpInst::create_lt(lhs, rhs, this->BB_);
+    }
+    ICmpInst *create_icmp_le(Value *lhs, Value *rhs) {
+        return ICmpInst::create_le(lhs, rhs, this->BB_);
+    }
+
+    CallInst *create_call(Value *func, std::vector<Value *> args) {
+        return CallInst::create_call(static_cast<Function *>(func), args,
+                                     this->BB_);
+    }
+
+    BranchInst *create_br(BasicBlock *if_true) {
+        return BranchInst::create_br(if_true, this->BB_);
+    }
+    BranchInst *create_cond_br(Value *cond, BasicBlock *if_true,
+                               BasicBlock *if_false) {
+        return BranchInst::create_cond_br(cond, if_true, if_false, this->BB_);
+    }
+
+    ReturnInst *create_ret(Value *val) {
+        return ReturnInst::create_ret(val, this->BB_);
+    }
+    ReturnInst *create_void_ret() {
+        return ReturnInst::create_void_ret(this->BB_);
+    }
+
+    GetElementPtrInst *create_gep(Value *ptr, std::vector<Value *> idxs) {
+        return GetElementPtrInst::create_gep(ptr, idxs, this->BB_);
+    }
+
+    StoreInst *create_store(Value *val, Value *ptr) {
+        return StoreInst::create_store(val, ptr, this->BB_);
+    }
+    LoadInst *create_load(Value *ptr) {
+        assert(ptr->get_type()->is_pointer_type() &&
+               "ptr must be pointer type");
+        return LoadInst::create_load(ptr, this->BB_);
+    }
+
+    AllocaInst *create_alloca(Type *ty) {
+        return AllocaInst::create_alloca(ty, this->BB_);
+    }
+    ZextInst *create_zext(Value *val, Type *ty) {
+        return ZextInst::create_zext(val, ty, this->BB_);
+    }
+
+    SiToFpInst *create_sitofp(Value *val, Type *ty) {
+        return SiToFpInst::create_sitofp(val, this->BB_);
+    }
+    FpToSiInst *create_fptosi(Value *val, Type *ty) {
+        return FpToSiInst::create_fptosi(val, ty, this->BB_);
+    }
+
+    FCmpInst *create_fcmp_ne(Value *lhs, Value *rhs) {
+        return FCmpInst::create_fne(lhs, rhs, this->BB_);
+    }
+    FCmpInst *create_fcmp_lt(Value *lhs, Value *rhs) {
+        return FCmpInst::create_flt(lhs, rhs, this->BB_);
+    }
+    FCmpInst *create_fcmp_le(Value *lhs, Value *rhs) {
+        return FCmpInst::create_fle(lhs, rhs, this->BB_);
+    }
+    FCmpInst *create_fcmp_ge(Value *lhs, Value *rhs) {
+        return FCmpInst::create_fge(lhs, rhs, this->BB_);
+    }
+    FCmpInst *create_fcmp_gt(Value *lhs, Value *rhs) {
+        return FCmpInst::create_fgt(lhs, rhs, this->BB_);
+    }
+    FCmpInst *create_fcmp_eq(Value *lhs, Value *rhs) {
+        return FCmpInst::create_feq(lhs, rhs, this->BB_);
+    }
+
+    FBinaryInst *create_fadd(Value *lhs, Value *rhs) {
+        return FBinaryInst::create_fadd(lhs, rhs, this->BB_);
+    }
+    FBinaryInst *create_fsub(Value *lhs, Value *rhs) {
+        return FBinaryInst::create_fsub(lhs, rhs, this->BB_);
+    }
+    FBinaryInst *create_fmul(Value *lhs, Value *rhs) {
+        return FBinaryInst::create_fmul(lhs, rhs, this->BB_);
+    }
+    FBinaryInst *create_fdiv(Value *lhs, Value *rhs) {
+        return FBinaryInst::create_fdiv(lhs, rhs, this->BB_);
+    }
+};

include/lightir/IRprinter.hpp

+#pragma once
+
+#include "BasicBlock.hpp"
+#include "Constant.hpp"
+#include "Function.hpp"
+#include "GlobalVariable.hpp"
+#include "Instruction.hpp"
+#include "Module.hpp"
+#include "Type.hpp"
+#include "User.hpp"
+#include "Value.hpp"
+
+std::string print_as_op(Value *v, bool print_ty);
+std::string print_instr_op_name(Instruction::OpID);

include/lightir/Module.hpp

+#pragma once
+
+#include "Function.hpp"
+#include "GlobalVariable.hpp"
+#include "Instruction.hpp"
+#include "Type.hpp"
+#include "Value.hpp"
+
+#include <list>
+#include <llvm/ADT/ilist.h>
+#include <llvm/ADT/ilist_node.h>
+#include <map>
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+
+class GlobalVariable;
+class Function;
+class Module {
+  public:
+    Module();
+    ~Module() = default;
+
+    Type *get_void_type();
+    Type *get_label_type();
+    IntegerType *get_int1_type();
+    IntegerType *get_int32_type();
+    PointerType *get_int32_ptr_type();
+    FloatType *get_float_type();
+    PointerType *get_float_ptr_type();
+
+    PointerType *get_pointer_type(Type *contained);
+    ArrayType *get_array_type(Type *contained, unsigned num_elements);
+    FunctionType *get_function_type(Type *retty, std::vector<Type *> &args);
+
+    void add_function(Function *f);
+    llvm::ilist<Function> &get_functions();
+    void add_global_variable(GlobalVariable *g);
+    llvm::ilist<GlobalVariable> &get_global_variable();
+
+    void set_print_name();
+    std::string print();
+
+  private:
+    // The global variables in the module
+    llvm::ilist<GlobalVariable> global_list_;
+    // The functions in the module
+    llvm::ilist<Function> function_list_;
+
+    std::unique_ptr<IntegerType> int1_ty_;
+    std::unique_ptr<IntegerType> int32_ty_;
+    std::unique_ptr<Type> label_ty_;
+    std::unique_ptr<Type> void_ty_;
+    std::unique_ptr<FloatType> float32_ty_;
+    std::map<Type *, std::unique_ptr<PointerType>> pointer_map_;
+    std::map<std::pair<Type *, int>, std::unique_ptr<ArrayType>> array_map_;
+    std::map<std::pair<Type *, std::vector<Type *>>,
+             std::unique_ptr<FunctionType>>
+        function_map_;
+};

include/lightir/Type.hpp

+#pragma once
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
+
+class Module;
+class IntegerType;
+class FunctionType;
+class ArrayType;
+class PointerType;
+class FloatType;
+
+class Type {
+  public:
+    enum TypeID {
+        VoidTyID,     // Void
+        LabelTyID,    // Labels, e.g., BasicBlock
+        IntegerTyID,  // Integers, include 32 bits and 1 bit
+        FunctionTyID, // Functions
+        ArrayTyID,    // Arrays
+        PointerTyID,  // Pointer
+        FloatTyID     // float
+    };
+
+    explicit Type(TypeID tid, Module *m);
+    ~Type() = default;
+
+    TypeID get_type_id() const { return tid_; }
+
+    bool is_void_type() const { return get_type_id() == VoidTyID; }
+    bool is_label_type() const { return get_type_id() == LabelTyID; }
+    bool is_integer_type() const { return get_type_id() == IntegerTyID; }
+    bool is_function_type() const { return get_type_id() == FunctionTyID; }
+    bool is_array_type() const { return get_type_id() == ArrayTyID; }
+    bool is_pointer_type() const { return get_type_id() == PointerTyID; }
+    bool is_float_type() const { return get_type_id() == FloatTyID; }
+    bool is_int32_type() const;
+    bool is_int1_type() const;
+
+    // Return related data member if is the required type, else throw error
+    Type *get_pointer_element_type() const;
+    Type *get_array_element_type() const;
+
+    Module *get_module() const { return m_; }
+    unsigned get_size() const;
+
+    std::string print() const;
+
+  private:
+    TypeID tid_;
+    Module *m_;
+};
+
+class IntegerType : public Type {
+  public:
+    explicit IntegerType(unsigned num_bits, Module *m);
+
+    unsigned get_num_bits() const;
+
+  private:
+    unsigned num_bits_;
+};
+
+class FunctionType : public Type {
+  public:
+    FunctionType(Type *result, std::vector<Type *> params);
+
+    static bool is_valid_return_type(Type *ty);
+    static bool is_valid_argument_type(Type *ty);
+
+    static FunctionType *get(Type *result, std::vector<Type *> params);
+
+    unsigned get_num_of_args() const;
+
+    Type *get_param_type(unsigned i) const;
+    std::vector<Type *>::iterator param_begin() { return args_.begin(); }
+    std::vector<Type *>::iterator param_end() { return args_.end(); }
+    Type *get_return_type() const;
+
+  private:
+    Type *result_;
+    std::vector<Type *> args_;
+};
+
+class ArrayType : public Type {
+  public:
+    ArrayType(Type *contained, unsigned num_elements);
+
+    static bool is_valid_element_type(Type *ty);
+
+    static ArrayType *get(Type *contained, unsigned num_elements);
+
+    Type *get_element_type() const { return contained_; }
+    unsigned get_num_of_elements() const { return num_elements_; }
+
+  private:
+    Type *contained_;       // The element type of the array.
+    unsigned num_elements_; // Number of elements in the array.
+};
+
+class PointerType : public Type {
+  public:
+    PointerType(Type *contained);
+    Type *get_element_type() const { return contained_; }
+
+    static PointerType *get(Type *contained);
+
+  private:
+    Type *contained_; // The element type of the ptr.
+};
+
+class FloatType : public Type {
+  public:
+    FloatType(Module *m);
+    static FloatType *get(Module *m);
+
+  private:
+};

include/lightir/User.hpp

+#pragma once
+
+#include "Value.hpp"
+
+#include <vector>
+
+class User : public Value {
+  public:
+    User(Type *ty, const std::string &name = "") : Value(ty, name){};
+    virtual ~User() { remove_all_operands(); }
+
+    const std::vector<Value *> &get_operands() const { return operands_; }
+    unsigned get_num_operand() const { return operands_.size(); }
+
+    // start from 0
+    Value *get_operand(unsigned i) const { return operands_.at(i); };
+    // start from 0
+    void set_operand(unsigned i, Value *v);
+    void add_operand(Value *v);
+
+    void remove_all_operands();
+    void remove_operand(unsigned i);
+
+  private:
+    std::vector<Value *> operands_; // operands of this value
+};
+
+/* For example: op = func(a, b)
+ *  for a: Use(op, 0)
+ *  for b: Use(op, 1)
+ */
+struct Use {
+    User *val_;       // used by whom
+    unsigned arg_no_; // the no. of operand
+
+    Use(User *val, unsigned no) : val_(val), arg_no_(no) {}
+
+    bool operator==(const Use &other) const {
+        return val_ == other.val_ and arg_no_ == other.arg_no_;
+    }
+};

include/lightir/Value.hpp

+#pragma once
+
+#include <functional>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <list>
+#include <string>
+#include <cassert>
+
+class Type;
+class Value;
+class User;
+struct Use;
+
+class Value {
+  public:
+    explicit Value(Type *ty, const std::string &name = "")
+        : type_(ty), name_(name){};
+    virtual ~Value() { replace_all_use_with(nullptr); }
+
+    std::string get_name() const { return name_; };
+    Type *get_type() const { return type_; }
+    const std::list<Use> &get_use_list() const { return use_list_; }
+
+    bool set_name(std::string name);
+
+    void add_use(User *user, unsigned arg_no);
+    void remove_use(User *user, unsigned arg_no);
+
+    void replace_all_use_with(Value *new_val);
+    void replace_use_with_if(Value *new_val, std::function<bool(Use *)> pred);
+
+    virtual std::string print() = 0;
+
+    template<typename T>
+    T *as()
+    {
+      static_assert(std::is_base_of<Value, T>::value, "T must be a subclass of Value");
+      const auto ptr = dynamic_cast<T*>(this);
+      assert(ptr && "dynamic_cast failed");
+      return ptr;
+    }
+    template<typename T>
+    [[nodiscard]] const T* as() const {
+        static_assert(std::is_base_of<Value, T>::value, "T must be a subclass of Value");
+        const auto ptr = dynamic_cast<const T*>(this);
+        assert(ptr);
+        return ptr;
+    }
+    // is 接口
+    template <typename T>
+    [[nodiscard]] bool is() const {
+        static_assert(std::is_base_of<Value, T>::value, "T must be a subclass of Value");
+        return dynamic_cast<const T*>(this);
+    }
+
+  private:
+    Type *type_;
+    std::list<Use> use_list_; // who use this value
+    std::string name_;        // should we put name field here ?
+};

src/CMakeLists.txt

+add_subdirectory(parser)
+add_subdirectory(common)
+add_subdirectory(logging)
+add_subdirectory(cminusfc)
+add_subdirectory(lightir)
+add_subdirectory(io)
\ No newline at end of file

src/cminusfc/CMakeLists.txt

+add_executable(
+    cminusfc
+    main.cpp
+    cminusf_builder.cpp
+)
+
+target_link_libraries(
+    cminusfc
+    IR_lib
+    common
+    syntax
+    stdc++fs
+)
+
+install(
+    TARGETS cminusfc
+    RUNTIME DESTINATION bin
+)

src/cminusfc/cminusf_builder.cpp

+#include "cminusf_builder.hpp"
+
+#define CONST_FP(num) ConstantFP::get((float)num, module.get())
+#define CONST_INT(num) ConstantInt::get(num, module.get())
+
+// types
+Type *VOID_T;
+Type *INT1_T;
+Type *INT32_T;
+Type *INT32PTR_T;
+Type *FLOAT_T;
+Type *FLOATPTR_T;
+
+/*
+ * use CMinusfBuilder::Scope to construct scopes
+ * scope.enter: enter a new scope
+ * scope.exit: exit current scope
+ * scope.push: add a new binding to current scope
+ * scope.find: find and return the value bound to the name
+ */
+
+Value* CminusfBuilder::visit(ASTProgram &node) {
+    VOID_T = module->get_void_type();
+    INT1_T = module->get_int1_type();
+    INT32_T = module->get_int32_type();
+    INT32PTR_T = module->get_int32_ptr_type();
+    FLOAT_T = module->get_float_type();
+    FLOATPTR_T = module->get_float_ptr_type();
+
+    Value *ret_val = nullptr;
+    for (auto &decl : node.declarations) {
+        ret_val = decl->accept(*this);
+    }
+    return ret_val;
+}
+
+Value* CminusfBuilder::visit(ASTNum &node) {
+    // TODO: This function is empty now.
+    // Add some code here.
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+Value* CminusfBuilder::visit(ASTVarDeclaration &node) {
+    // TODO: This function is empty now.
+    // Add some code here.
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+Value* CminusfBuilder::visit(ASTFunDeclaration &node) {
+    FunctionType *fun_type;
+    Type *ret_type;
+    std::vector<Type *> param_types;
+    if (node.type == TYPE_INT)
+        ret_type = INT32_T;
+    else if (node.type == TYPE_FLOAT)
+        ret_type = FLOAT_T;
+    else
+        ret_type = VOID_T;
+
+    for (auto &param : node.params) {
+        // TODO: Please accomplish param_types.
+    }
+
+    fun_type = FunctionType::get(ret_type, param_types);
+    auto func = Function::create(fun_type, node.id, module.get());
+    scope.push(node.id, func);
+    context.func = func;
+    auto funBB = BasicBlock::create(module.get(), "entry", func);
+    builder->set_insert_point(funBB);
+    scope.enter();
+    std::vector<Value *> args;
+    for (auto &arg : func->get_args()) {
+        args.push_back(&arg);
+    }
+    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < node.params.size(); ++i) {
+        // TODO: You need to deal with params and store them in the scope.
+    }
+    node.compound_stmt->accept(*this);
+    if (not builder->get_insert_block()->is_terminated()) 
+    {
+        if (context.func->get_return_type()->is_void_type())
+            builder->create_void_ret();
+        else if (context.func->get_return_type()->is_float_type())
+            builder->create_ret(CONST_FP(0.));
+        else
+            builder->create_ret(CONST_INT(0));
+    }
+    scope.exit();
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+Value* CminusfBuilder::visit(ASTParam &node) {
+    // TODO: This function is empty now.
+    // Add some code here.
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+Value* CminusfBuilder::visit(ASTCompoundStmt &node) {
+    // TODO: This function is not complete.
+    // You may need to add some code here
+    // to deal with complex statements. 
+    
+    for (auto &decl : node.local_declarations) {
+        decl->accept(*this);
+    }
+
+    for (auto &stmt : node.statement_list) {
+        stmt->accept(*this);
+        if (builder->get_insert_block()->is_terminated())
+            break;
+    }
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+Value* CminusfBuilder::visit(ASTExpressionStmt &node) {
+    // TODO: This function is empty now.
+    // Add some code here.
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+Value* CminusfBuilder::visit(ASTSelectionStmt &node) {
+    // TODO: This function is empty now.
+    // Add some code here.
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+Value* CminusfBuilder::visit(ASTIterationStmt &node) {
+    // TODO: This function is empty now.
+    // Add some code here.
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+Value* CminusfBuilder::visit(ASTReturnStmt &node) {
+    if (node.expression == nullptr) {
+        builder->create_void_ret();
+        return nullptr;
+    } else {
+        // TODO: The given code is incomplete.
+        // You need to solve other return cases (e.g. return an integer).
+    }
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+Value* CminusfBuilder::visit(ASTVar &node) {
+    // TODO: This function is empty now.
+    // Add some code here.
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+Value* CminusfBuilder::visit(ASTAssignExpression &node) {
+    // TODO: This function is empty now.
+    // Add some code here.
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+Value* CminusfBuilder::visit(ASTSimpleExpression &node) {
+    // TODO: This function is empty now.
+    // Add some code here.
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+Value* CminusfBuilder::visit(ASTAdditiveExpression &node) {
+    // TODO: This function is empty now.
+    // Add some code here.
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+Value* CminusfBuilder::visit(ASTTerm &node) {
+    // TODO: This function is empty now.
+    // Add some code here.
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+Value* CminusfBuilder::visit(ASTCall &node) {
+    // TODO: This function is empty now.
+    // Add some code here.
+    return nullptr;
+}

src/cminusfc/main.cpp

+#include "Module.hpp"
+#include "ast.hpp"
+#include "cminusf_builder.hpp"
+
+#include <filesystem>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <string>
+
+using std::string;
+using std::operator""s;
+
+struct Config {
+    string exe_name; // compiler exe name
+    std::filesystem::path input_file;
+    std::filesystem::path output_file;
+
+    bool emitast{false};
+    bool emitllvm{false};
+
+    Config(int argc, char **argv) : argc(argc), argv(argv) {
+        parse_cmd_line();
+        check();
+    }
+
+  private:
+    int argc{-1};
+    char **argv{nullptr};
+
+    void parse_cmd_line();
+    void check();
+    // print helper infomation and exit
+    void print_help() const;
+    void print_err(const string &msg) const;
+};
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv) {
+    Config config(argc, argv);
+
+    auto syntax_tree = parse(config.input_file.c_str());
+    auto ast = AST(syntax_tree);
+
+    if (config.emitast) { // if emit ast (lab1), print ast and return
+        ASTPrinter printer;
+        ast.run_visitor(printer);
+    } else {
+        std::unique_ptr<Module> m;
+        CminusfBuilder builder;
+        ast.run_visitor(builder);
+        m = builder.getModule();
+
+        std::ofstream output_stream(config.output_file);
+        if (config.emitllvm) {
+            auto abs_path = std::filesystem::canonical(config.input_file);
+            output_stream << "; ModuleID = 'cminus'\n";
+            output_stream << "source_filename = " << abs_path << "\n\n";
+            output_stream << m->print();
+        }
+
+        // TODO: lab3 lab4 (IR optimization or codegen)
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void Config::parse_cmd_line() {
+    exe_name = argv[0];
+    for (int i = 1; i < argc; ++i) {
+        if (argv[i] == "-h"s || argv[i] == "--help"s) {
+            print_help();
+        } else if (argv[i] == "-o"s) {
+            if (output_file.empty() && i + 1 < argc) {
+                output_file = argv[i + 1];
+                i += 1;
+            } else {
+                print_err("bad output file");
+            }
+        } else if (argv[i] == "-emit-ast"s) {
+            emitast = true;
+        } else if (argv[i] == "-emit-llvm"s) {
+            emitllvm = true;
+        } else {
+            if (input_file.empty()) {
+                input_file = argv[i];
+            } else {
+                string err =
+                    "unrecognized command-line option \'"s + argv[i] + "\'"s;
+                print_err(err);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void Config::check() {
+    if (input_file.empty()) {
+        print_err("no input file");
+    }
+    if (input_file.extension() != ".cminus") {
+        print_err("file format not recognized");
+    }
+    if (output_file.empty()) {
+        output_file = input_file.stem();
+    }
+}
+
+void Config::print_help() const {
+    std::cout << "Usage: " << exe_name
+              << " [-h|--help] [-o <target-file>] [-mem2reg] [-emit-llvm] [-S] "
+                 "<input-file>"
+              << std::endl;
+    exit(0);
+}
+
+void Config::print_err(const string &msg) const {
+    std::cout << exe_name << ": " << msg << std::endl;
+    exit(-1);
+}

src/common/CMakeLists.txt

+add_library(common STATIC
+    syntax_tree.c
+    ast.cpp
+    logging.cpp
+)
+
+target_link_libraries(common)
+

src/common/logging.cpp

+#include "logging.hpp"
+
+void LogWriter::operator<(const LogStream &stream) {
+    std::ostringstream msg;
+    msg << stream.sstream_.rdbuf();
+    output_log(msg);
+}
+
+void LogWriter::output_log(const std::ostringstream &msg) {
+    if (log_level_ >= env_log_level)
+        std::cout << "[" << level2string(log_level_) << "] "
+                  << "(" << location_.file_ << ":" << location_.line_ << "L  "
+                  << location_.func_ << ")" << msg.str() << std::endl;
+}
+std::string level2string(LogLevel level) {
+    switch (level) {
+    case DEBUG:
+        return "DEBUG";
+
+    case INFO:
+        return "INFO";
+
+    case WARNING:
+        return "WARNING";
+
+    case ERROR:
+        return "ERROR";
+
+    default:
+        return "";
+    }
+}
+std::string get_short_name(const char *file_path) {
+    std::string short_file_path = file_path;
+    int index = short_file_path.find_last_of('/');
+
+    return short_file_path.substr(index + 1);
+}

src/common/syntax_tree.c

+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "syntax_tree.h"
+
+syntax_tree_node *new_syntax_tree_node(const char *name) {
+    syntax_tree_node *new_node =
+        (syntax_tree_node *)malloc(sizeof(syntax_tree_node));
+    if (name)
+        strncpy(new_node->name, name, SYNTAX_TREE_NODE_NAME_MAX);
+    else
+        new_node->name[0] = '\0';
+    new_node->children_num = 0;
+    return new_node;
+}
+
+int syntax_tree_add_child(syntax_tree_node *parent, syntax_tree_node *child) {
+    if (!parent || !child)
+        return -1;
+    parent->children[parent->children_num++] = child;
+    return parent->children_num;
+}
+
+void del_syntax_tree_node(syntax_tree_node *node, int recursive) {
+    if (!node)
+        return;
+
+    int i;
+    if (recursive) {
+        for (i = 0; i < node->children_num; i++) {
+            del_syntax_tree_node(node->children[i], 1);
+        }
+    }
+    free(node);
+}
+
+syntax_tree *new_syntax_tree() {
+    return (syntax_tree *)malloc(sizeof(syntax_tree));
+}
+
+void del_syntax_tree(syntax_tree *tree) {
+    if (!tree)
+        return;
+
+    if (tree->root) {
+        del_syntax_tree_node(tree->root, 1);
+    }
+    free(tree);
+}
+
+void print_syntax_tree_node(FILE *fout, syntax_tree_node *node, int level) {
+    // assume fout valid now
+
+    // check if "node" empty pointer
+    if (!node)
+        return;
+
+    // print myself
+    int i;
+    for (i = 0; i < level; i++) {
+        fprintf(fout, "|  ");
+    }
+    fprintf(fout, ">--%s %s\n", (node->children_num ? "+" : "*"), node->name);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < node->children_num; i++) {
+        print_syntax_tree_node(fout, node->children[i], level + 1);
+    }
+}
+
+void print_syntax_tree(FILE *fout, syntax_tree *tree) {
+    if (!fout)
+        return;
+
+    print_syntax_tree_node(fout, tree->root, 0);
+}

src/io/CMakeLists.txt

+add_library(cminus_io io.c)
+
+install(
+    TARGETS cminus_io
+    ARCHIVE DESTINATION lib
+)

src/io/io.c

+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+int input() {
+    int a;
+    scanf("%d", &a);
+    return a;
+}
+
+void output(int a) { printf("%d\n", a); }
+
+void outputFloat(float a) { printf("%f\n", a); }
+
+void neg_idx_except() {
+    printf("negative index exception\n");
+    exit(0);
+}

src/io/io.h

+int input();
+
+void output(int a);
+
+void outputFloat(float a);
+
+void neg_idx_except();

src/lightir/BasicBlock.cpp

+#include "BasicBlock.hpp"
+
+#include "Function.hpp"
+#include "IRprinter.hpp"
+#include "Module.hpp"
+
+#include <cassert>
+
+BasicBlock::BasicBlock(Module *m, const std::string &name = "",
+                       Function *parent = nullptr)
+    : Value(m->get_label_type(), name), parent_(parent) {
+    assert(parent && "currently parent should not be nullptr");
+    parent_->add_basic_block(this);
+}
+
+Module *BasicBlock::get_module() { return get_parent()->get_parent(); }
+void BasicBlock::erase_from_parent() { this->get_parent()->remove(this); }
+
+bool BasicBlock::is_terminated() const {
+    if (instr_list_.empty()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    switch (instr_list_.back().get_instr_type()) {
+    case Instruction::ret:
+    case Instruction::br:
+        return true;
+    default:
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+Instruction *BasicBlock::get_terminator() {
+    assert(is_terminated() &&
+           "Trying to get terminator from an bb which is not terminated");
+    return &instr_list_.back();
+}
+
+void BasicBlock::add_instruction(Instruction *instr) {
+    assert(not is_terminated() && "Inserting instruction to terminated bb");
+    instr_list_.push_back(instr);
+}
+
+std::string BasicBlock::print() {
+    std::string bb_ir;
+    bb_ir += this->get_name();
+    bb_ir += ":";
+    // print prebb
+    if (!this->get_pre_basic_blocks().empty()) {
+        bb_ir += "                                                ; preds = ";
+    }
+    for (auto bb : this->get_pre_basic_blocks()) {
+        if (bb != *this->get_pre_basic_blocks().begin()) {
+            bb_ir += ", ";
+        }
+        bb_ir += print_as_op(bb, false);
+    }
+
+    // print prebb
+    if (!this->get_parent()) {
+        bb_ir += "\n";
+        bb_ir += "; Error: Block without parent!";
+    }
+    bb_ir += "\n";
+    for (auto &instr : this->get_instructions()) {
+        bb_ir += "  ";
+        bb_ir += instr.print();
+        bb_ir += "\n";
+    }
+
+    return bb_ir;
+}

src/lightir/CMakeLists.txt

+add_library(
+    IR_lib STATIC
+    Type.cpp
+    User.cpp
+    Value.cpp
+    BasicBlock.cpp
+    Constant.cpp
+    Function.cpp
+    GlobalVariable.cpp
+    Instruction.cpp
+    Module.cpp
+    IRprinter.cpp
+)
+
+target_link_libraries(
+    IR_lib
+    LLVMSupport
+)

src/lightir/Constant.cpp

+#include "Constant.hpp"
+#include "Module.hpp"
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <memory>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <unordered_map>
+
+struct pair_hash {
+    template <typename T>
+    std::size_t operator()(const std::pair<T, Module *> val) const {
+        auto lhs = std::hash<T>()(val.first);
+        auto rhs =
+            std::hash<uintptr_t>()(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(val.second));
+        return lhs ^ rhs;
+    }
+};
+
+static std::unordered_map<std::pair<int, Module *>,
+                          std::unique_ptr<ConstantInt>, pair_hash>
+    cached_int;
+static std::unordered_map<std::pair<bool, Module *>,
+                          std::unique_ptr<ConstantInt>, pair_hash>
+    cached_bool;
+static std::unordered_map<std::pair<float, Module *>,
+                          std::unique_ptr<ConstantFP>, pair_hash>
+    cached_float;
+static std::unordered_map<Type *, std::unique_ptr<ConstantZero>> cached_zero;
+
+ConstantInt *ConstantInt::get(int val, Module *m) {
+    if (cached_int.find(std::make_pair(val, m)) != cached_int.end())
+        return cached_int[std::make_pair(val, m)].get();
+    return (cached_int[std::make_pair(val, m)] = std::unique_ptr<ConstantInt>(
+                new ConstantInt(m->get_int32_type(), val)))
+        .get();
+}
+ConstantInt *ConstantInt::get(bool val, Module *m) {
+    if (cached_bool.find(std::make_pair(val, m)) != cached_bool.end())
+        return cached_bool[std::make_pair(val, m)].get();
+    return (cached_bool[std::make_pair(val, m)] = std::unique_ptr<ConstantInt>(
+                new ConstantInt(m->get_int1_type(), val ? 1 : 0)))
+        .get();
+}
+std::string ConstantInt::print() {
+    std::string const_ir;
+    Type *ty = this->get_type();
+    if (ty->is_integer_type() &&
+        static_cast<IntegerType *>(ty)->get_num_bits() == 1) {
+        // int1
+        const_ir += (this->get_value() == 0) ? "false" : "true";
+    } else {
+        // int32
+        const_ir += std::to_string(this->get_value());
+    }
+    return const_ir;
+}
+
+ConstantArray::ConstantArray(ArrayType *ty, const std::vector<Constant *> &val)
+    : Constant(ty, "") {
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < val.size(); i++)
+        set_operand(i, val[i]);
+    this->const_array.assign(val.begin(), val.end());
+}
+
+Constant *ConstantArray::get_element_value(int index) {
+    return this->const_array[index];
+}
+
+ConstantArray *ConstantArray::get(ArrayType *ty,
+                                  const std::vector<Constant *> &val) {
+    return new ConstantArray(ty, val);
+}
+
+std::string ConstantArray::print() {
+    std::string const_ir;
+    const_ir += this->get_type()->print();
+    const_ir += " ";
+    const_ir += "[";
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < this->get_size_of_array(); i++) {
+        Constant *element = get_element_value(i);
+        if (!dynamic_cast<ConstantArray *>(get_element_value(i))) {
+            const_ir += element->get_type()->print();
+        }
+        const_ir += element->print();
+        if (i < this->get_size_of_array()) {
+            const_ir += ", ";
+        }
+    }
+    const_ir += "]";
+    return const_ir;
+}
+
+ConstantFP *ConstantFP::get(float val, Module *m) {
+    if (cached_float.find(std::make_pair(val, m)) != cached_float.end())
+        return cached_float[std::make_pair(val, m)].get();
+    return (cached_float[std::make_pair(val, m)] = std::unique_ptr<ConstantFP>(
+                new ConstantFP(m->get_float_type(), val)))
+        .get();
+}
+
+std::string ConstantFP::print() {
+    std::stringstream fp_ir_ss;
+    std::string fp_ir;
+    double val = this->get_value();
+    fp_ir_ss << "0x" << std::hex << *(uint64_t *)&val << std::endl;
+    fp_ir_ss >> fp_ir;
+    return fp_ir;
+}
+
+ConstantZero *ConstantZero::get(Type *ty, Module *m) {
+    if (not cached_zero[ty])
+        cached_zero[ty] = std::unique_ptr<ConstantZero>(new ConstantZero(ty));
+    return cached_zero[ty].get();
+}
+
+std::string ConstantZero::print() { return "zeroinitializer"; }

src/lightir/Function.cpp

+#include "Function.hpp"
+#include "IRprinter.hpp"
+#include "Module.hpp"
+
+Function::Function(FunctionType *ty, const std::string &name, Module *parent)
+    : Value(ty, name), parent_(parent), seq_cnt_(0) {
+    // num_args_ = ty->getNumParams();
+    parent->add_function(this);
+    // build args
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < get_num_of_args(); i++) {
+        arguments_.emplace_back(ty->get_param_type(i), "", this, i);
+    }
+}
+Function *Function::create(FunctionType *ty, const std::string &name,
+                           Module *parent) {
+    return new Function(ty, name, parent);
+}
+
+FunctionType *Function::get_function_type() const {
+    return static_cast<FunctionType *>(get_type());
+}
+
+Type *Function::get_return_type() const {
+    return get_function_type()->get_return_type();
+}
+
+unsigned Function::get_num_of_args() const {
+    return get_function_type()->get_num_of_args();
+}
+
+unsigned Function::get_num_basic_blocks() const { return basic_blocks_.size(); }
+
+Module *Function::get_parent() const { return parent_; }
+
+void Function::remove(BasicBlock *bb) {
+    basic_blocks_.remove(bb);
+    for (auto pre : bb->get_pre_basic_blocks()) {
+        pre->remove_succ_basic_block(bb);
+    }
+    for (auto succ : bb->get_succ_basic_blocks()) {
+        succ->remove_pre_basic_block(bb);
+    }
+}
+
+void Function::add_basic_block(BasicBlock *bb) { basic_blocks_.push_back(bb); }
+
+void Function::set_instr_name() {
+    std::map<Value *, int> seq;
+    for (auto &arg : this->get_args()) {
+        if (seq.find(&arg) == seq.end()) {
+            auto seq_num = seq.size() + seq_cnt_;
+            if (arg.set_name("arg" + std::to_string(seq_num))) {
+                seq.insert({&arg, seq_num});
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    for (auto &bb1 : basic_blocks_) {
+        auto bb = &bb1;
+        if (seq.find(bb) == seq.end()) {
+            auto seq_num = seq.size() + seq_cnt_;
+            if (bb->set_name("label" + std::to_string(seq_num))) {
+                seq.insert({bb, seq_num});
+            }
+        }
+        for (auto &instr : bb->get_instructions()) {
+            if (!instr.is_void() && seq.find(&instr) == seq.end()) {
+                auto seq_num = seq.size() + seq_cnt_;
+                if (instr.set_name("op" + std::to_string(seq_num))) {
+                    seq.insert({&instr, seq_num});
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    seq_cnt_ += seq.size();
+}
+
+std::string Function::print() {
+    set_instr_name();
+    std::string func_ir;
+    if (this->is_declaration()) {
+        func_ir += "declare ";
+    } else {
+        func_ir += "define ";
+    }
+
+    func_ir += this->get_return_type()->print();
+    func_ir += " ";
+    func_ir += print_as_op(this, false);
+    func_ir += "(";
+
+    // print arg
+    if (this->is_declaration()) {
+        for (unsigned i = 0; i < this->get_num_of_args(); i++) {
+            if (i)
+                func_ir += ", ";
+            func_ir += static_cast<FunctionType *>(this->get_type())
+                           ->get_param_type(i)
+                           ->print();
+        }
+    } else {
+        for (auto &arg : get_args()) {
+            if (&arg != &*get_args().begin())
+                func_ir += ", ";
+            func_ir += arg.print();
+        }
+    }
+    func_ir += ")";
+
+    // print bb
+    if (this->is_declaration()) {
+        func_ir += "\n";
+    } else {
+        func_ir += " {";
+        func_ir += "\n";
+        for (auto &bb1 : this->get_basic_blocks()) {
+            auto bb = &bb1;
+            func_ir += bb->print();
+        }
+        func_ir += "}";
+    }
+
+    return func_ir;
+}
+
+std::string Argument::print() {
+    std::string arg_ir;
+    arg_ir += this->get_type()->print();
+    arg_ir += " %";
+    arg_ir += this->get_name();
+    return arg_ir;
+}

src/lightir/GlobalVariable.cpp

+#include "GlobalVariable.hpp"
+#include "IRprinter.hpp"
+
+GlobalVariable::GlobalVariable(std::string name, Module *m, Type *ty,
+                               bool is_const, Constant *init)
+    : User(ty, name), is_const_(is_const), init_val_(init) {
+    m->add_global_variable(this);
+    if (init) {
+        this->add_operand(init);
+    }
+} // global操作数为initval
+
+GlobalVariable *GlobalVariable::create(std::string name, Module *m, Type *ty,
+                                       bool is_const,
+                                       Constant *init = nullptr) {
+    return new GlobalVariable(name, m, PointerType::get(ty), is_const, init);
+}
+
+std::string GlobalVariable::print() {
+    std::string global_val_ir;
+    global_val_ir += print_as_op(this, false);
+    global_val_ir += " = ";
+    global_val_ir += (this->is_const() ? "constant " : "global ");
+    global_val_ir += this->get_type()->get_pointer_element_type()->print();
+    global_val_ir += " ";
+    global_val_ir += this->get_init()->print();
+    return global_val_ir;
+}

src/lightir/IRprinter.cpp

+#include "IRprinter.hpp"
+#include "Instruction.hpp"
+#include <cassert>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+std::string print_as_op(Value *v, bool print_ty) {
+    std::string op_ir;
+    if (print_ty) {
+        op_ir += v->get_type()->print();
+        op_ir += " ";
+    }
+
+    if (dynamic_cast<GlobalVariable *>(v)) {
+        op_ir += "@" + v->get_name();
+    } else if (dynamic_cast<Function *>(v)) {
+        op_ir += "@" + v->get_name();
+    } else if (dynamic_cast<Constant *>(v)) {
+        op_ir += v->print();
+    } else {
+        op_ir += "%" + v->get_name();
+    }
+
+    return op_ir;
+}
+
+std::string print_instr_op_name(Instruction::OpID id) {
+    switch (id) {
+    case Instruction::ret:
+        return "ret";
+    case Instruction::br:
+        return "br";
+    case Instruction::add:
+        return "add";
+    case Instruction::sub:
+        return "sub";
+    case Instruction::mul:
+        return "mul";
+    case Instruction::sdiv:
+        return "sdiv";
+    case Instruction::fadd:
+        return "fadd";
+    case Instruction::fsub:
+        return "fsub";
+    case Instruction::fmul:
+        return "fmul";
+    case Instruction::fdiv:
+        return "fdiv";
+    case Instruction::alloca:
+        return "alloca";
+    case Instruction::load:
+        return "load";
+    case Instruction::store:
+        return "store";
+    case Instruction::ge:
+        return "sge";
+    case Instruction::gt:
+        return "sgt";
+    case Instruction::le:
+        return "sle";
+    case Instruction::lt:
+        return "slt";
+    case Instruction::eq:
+        return "eq";
+    case Instruction::ne:
+        return "ne";
+    case Instruction::fge:
+        return "uge";
+    case Instruction::fgt:
+        return "ugt";
+    case Instruction::fle:
+        return "ule";
+    case Instruction::flt:
+        return "ult";
+    case Instruction::feq:
+        return "ueq";
+    case Instruction::fne:
+        return "une";
+    case Instruction::phi:
+        return "phi";
+    case Instruction::call:
+        return "call";
+    case Instruction::getelementptr:
+        return "getelementptr";
+    case Instruction::zext:
+        return "zext";
+    case Instruction::fptosi:
+        return "fptosi";
+    case Instruction::sitofp:
+        return "sitofp";
+    }
+    assert(false && "Must be bug");
+}
+
+template <class BinInst> std::string print_binary_inst(const BinInst &inst) {
+    std::string instr_ir;
+    instr_ir += "%";
+    instr_ir += inst.get_name();
+    instr_ir += " = ";
+    instr_ir += inst.get_instr_op_name();
+    instr_ir += " ";
+    instr_ir += inst.get_operand(0)->get_type()->print();
+    instr_ir += " ";
+    instr_ir += print_as_op(inst.get_operand(0), false);
+    instr_ir += ", ";
+    if (inst.get_operand(0)->get_type() == inst.get_operand(1)->get_type()) {
+        instr_ir += print_as_op(inst.get_operand(1), false);
+    } else {
+        instr_ir += print_as_op(inst.get_operand(1), true);
+    }
+    return instr_ir;
+}
+std::string IBinaryInst::print() { return print_binary_inst(*this); }
+std::string FBinaryInst::print() { return print_binary_inst(*this); }
+
+template <class CMP> std::string print_cmp_inst(const CMP &inst) {
+    std::string cmp_type;
+    if (inst.is_cmp())
+        cmp_type = "icmp";
+    else if (inst.is_fcmp())
+        cmp_type = "fcmp";
+    else
+        assert(false && "Unexpected case");
+    std::string instr_ir;
+    instr_ir += "%";
+    instr_ir += inst.get_name();
+    instr_ir += " = " + cmp_type + " ";
+    instr_ir += inst.get_instr_op_name();
+    instr_ir += " ";
+    instr_ir += inst.get_operand(0)->get_type()->print();
+    instr_ir += " ";
+    instr_ir += print_as_op(inst.get_operand(0), false);
+    instr_ir += ", ";
+    if (inst.get_operand(0)->get_type() == inst.get_operand(1)->get_type()) {
+        instr_ir += print_as_op(inst.get_operand(1), false);
+    } else {
+        instr_ir += print_as_op(inst.get_operand(1), true);
+    }
+    return instr_ir;
+}
+std::string ICmpInst::print() { return print_cmp_inst(*this); }
+std::string FCmpInst::print() { return print_cmp_inst(*this); }
+
+std::string CallInst::print() {
+    std::string instr_ir;
+    if (!this->is_void()) {
+        instr_ir += "%";
+        instr_ir += this->get_name();
+        instr_ir += " = ";
+    }
+    instr_ir += get_instr_op_name();
+    instr_ir += " ";
+    instr_ir += this->get_function_type()->get_return_type()->print();
+
+    instr_ir += " ";
+    assert(dynamic_cast<Function *>(this->get_operand(0)) &&
+           "Wrong call operand function");
+    instr_ir += print_as_op(this->get_operand(0), false);
+    instr_ir += "(";
+    for (unsigned i = 1; i < this->get_num_operand(); i++) {
+        if (i > 1)
+            instr_ir += ", ";
+        instr_ir += this->get_operand(i)->get_type()->print();
+        instr_ir += " ";
+        instr_ir += print_as_op(this->get_operand(i), false);
+    }
+    instr_ir += ")";
+    return instr_ir;
+}
+
+std::string BranchInst::print() {
+    std::string instr_ir;
+    instr_ir += get_instr_op_name();
+    instr_ir += " ";
+    instr_ir += print_as_op(this->get_operand(0), true);
+    if (is_cond_br()) {
+        instr_ir += ", ";
+        instr_ir += print_as_op(this->get_operand(1), true);
+        instr_ir += ", ";
+        instr_ir += print_as_op(this->get_operand(2), true);
+    }
+    return instr_ir;
+}
+
+std::string ReturnInst::print() {
+    std::string instr_ir;
+    instr_ir += get_instr_op_name();
+    instr_ir += " ";
+    if (!is_void_ret()) {
+        instr_ir += this->get_operand(0)->get_type()->print();
+        instr_ir += " ";
+        instr_ir += print_as_op(this->get_operand(0), false);
+    } else {
+        instr_ir += "void";
+    }
+
+    return instr_ir;
+}
+
+std::string GetElementPtrInst::print() {
+    std::string instr_ir;
+    instr_ir += "%";
+    instr_ir += this->get_name();
+    instr_ir += " = ";
+    instr_ir += get_instr_op_name();
+    instr_ir += " ";
+    assert(this->get_operand(0)->get_type()->is_pointer_type());
+    instr_ir +=
+        this->get_operand(0)->get_type()->get_pointer_element_type()->print();
+    instr_ir += ", ";
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < this->get_num_operand(); i++) {
+        if (i > 0)
+            instr_ir += ", ";
+        instr_ir += this->get_operand(i)->get_type()->print();
+        instr_ir += " ";
+        instr_ir += print_as_op(this->get_operand(i), false);
+    }
+    return instr_ir;
+}
+
+std::string StoreInst::print() {
+    std::string instr_ir;
+    instr_ir += get_instr_op_name();
+    instr_ir += " ";
+    instr_ir += this->get_operand(0)->get_type()->print();
+    instr_ir += " ";
+    instr_ir += print_as_op(this->get_operand(0), false);
+    instr_ir += ", ";
+    instr_ir += print_as_op(this->get_operand(1), true);
+    return instr_ir;
+}
+
+std::string LoadInst::print() {
+    std::string instr_ir;
+    instr_ir += "%";
+    instr_ir += this->get_name();
+    instr_ir += " = ";
+    instr_ir += get_instr_op_name();
+    instr_ir += " ";
+    assert(this->get_operand(0)->get_type()->is_pointer_type());
+    instr_ir +=
+        this->get_operand(0)->get_type()->get_pointer_element_type()->print();
+    instr_ir += ",";
+    instr_ir += " ";
+    instr_ir += print_as_op(this->get_operand(0), true);
+    return instr_ir;
+}
+
+std::string AllocaInst::print() {
+    std::string instr_ir;
+    instr_ir += "%";
+    instr_ir += this->get_name();
+    instr_ir += " = ";
+    instr_ir += get_instr_op_name();
+    instr_ir += " ";
+    instr_ir += get_alloca_type()->print();
+    return instr_ir;
+}
+
+std::string ZextInst::print() {
+    std::string instr_ir;
+    instr_ir += "%";
+    instr_ir += this->get_name();
+    instr_ir += " = ";
+    instr_ir += get_instr_op_name();
+    instr_ir += " ";
+    instr_ir += this->get_operand(0)->get_type()->print();
+    instr_ir += " ";
+    instr_ir += print_as_op(this->get_operand(0), false);
+    instr_ir += " to ";
+    instr_ir += this->get_dest_type()->print();
+    return instr_ir;
+}
+
+std::string FpToSiInst::print() {
+    std::string instr_ir;
+    instr_ir += "%";
+    instr_ir += this->get_name();
+    instr_ir += " = ";
+    instr_ir += get_instr_op_name();
+    instr_ir += " ";
+    instr_ir += this->get_operand(0)->get_type()->print();
+    instr_ir += " ";
+    instr_ir += print_as_op(this->get_operand(0), false);
+    instr_ir += " to ";
+    instr_ir += this->get_dest_type()->print();
+    return instr_ir;
+}
+
+std::string SiToFpInst::print() {
+    std::string instr_ir;
+    instr_ir += "%";
+    instr_ir += this->get_name();
+    instr_ir += " = ";
+    instr_ir += get_instr_op_name();
+    instr_ir += " ";
+    instr_ir += this->get_operand(0)->get_type()->print();
+    instr_ir += " ";
+    instr_ir += print_as_op(this->get_operand(0), false);
+    instr_ir += " to ";
+    instr_ir += this->get_dest_type()->print();
+    return instr_ir;
+}
+
+std::string PhiInst::print() {
+    std::string instr_ir;
+    instr_ir += "%";
+    instr_ir += this->get_name();
+    instr_ir += " = ";
+    instr_ir += get_instr_op_name();
+    instr_ir += " ";
+    instr_ir += this->get_operand(0)->get_type()->print();
+    instr_ir += " ";
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < this->get_num_operand() / 2; i++) {
+        if (i > 0)
+            instr_ir += ", ";
+        instr_ir += "[ ";
+        instr_ir += print_as_op(this->get_operand(2 * i), false);
+        instr_ir += ", ";
+        instr_ir += print_as_op(this->get_operand(2 * i + 1), false);
+        instr_ir += " ]";
+    }
+    if (this->get_num_operand() / 2 <
+        this->get_parent()->get_pre_basic_blocks().size()) {
+        for (auto pre_bb : this->get_parent()->get_pre_basic_blocks()) {
+            if (std::find(this->get_operands().begin(),
+                          this->get_operands().end(),
+                          static_cast<Value *>(pre_bb)) ==
+                this->get_operands().end()) {
+                // find a pre_bb is not in phi
+                instr_ir += ", [ undef, " + print_as_op(pre_bb, false) + " ]";
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return instr_ir;
+}

src/lightir/Module.cpp

+#include "Module.hpp"
+#include "Function.hpp"
+#include "GlobalVariable.hpp"
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+
+Module::Module() {
+    void_ty_ = std::make_unique<Type>(Type::VoidTyID, this);
+    label_ty_ = std::make_unique<Type>(Type::LabelTyID, this);
+    int1_ty_ = std::make_unique<IntegerType>(1, this);
+    int32_ty_ = std::make_unique<IntegerType>(32, this);
+    float32_ty_ = std::make_unique<FloatType>(this);
+}
+
+Type *Module::get_void_type() { return void_ty_.get(); }
+Type *Module::get_label_type() { return label_ty_.get(); }
+IntegerType *Module::get_int1_type() { return int1_ty_.get(); }
+IntegerType *Module::get_int32_type() { return int32_ty_.get(); }
+FloatType *Module::get_float_type() { return float32_ty_.get(); }
+PointerType *Module::get_int32_ptr_type() {
+    return get_pointer_type(int32_ty_.get());
+}
+PointerType *Module::get_float_ptr_type() {
+    return get_pointer_type(float32_ty_.get());
+}
+
+PointerType *Module::get_pointer_type(Type *contained) {
+    if (pointer_map_.find(contained) == pointer_map_.end()) {
+        pointer_map_[contained] = std::make_unique<PointerType>(contained);
+    }
+    return pointer_map_[contained].get();
+}
+
+ArrayType *Module::get_array_type(Type *contained, unsigned num_elements) {
+    if (array_map_.find({contained, num_elements}) == array_map_.end()) {
+        array_map_[{contained, num_elements}] =
+            std::make_unique<ArrayType>(contained, num_elements);
+    }
+    return array_map_[{contained, num_elements}].get();
+}
+
+FunctionType *Module::get_function_type(Type *retty,
+                                        std::vector<Type *> &args) {
+    if (not function_map_.count({retty, args})) {
+        function_map_[{retty, args}] =
+            std::make_unique<FunctionType>(retty, args);
+    }
+    return function_map_[{retty, args}].get();
+}
+
+void Module::add_function(Function *f) { function_list_.push_back(f); }
+llvm::ilist<Function> &Module::get_functions() { return function_list_; }
+void Module::add_global_variable(GlobalVariable *g) {
+    global_list_.push_back(g);
+}
+llvm::ilist<GlobalVariable> &Module::get_global_variable() {
+    return global_list_;
+}
+
+void Module::set_print_name() {
+    for (auto &func : this->get_functions()) {
+        func.set_instr_name();
+    }
+    return;
+}
+
+std::string Module::print() {
+    set_print_name();
+    std::string module_ir;
+    for (auto &global_val : this->global_list_) {
+        module_ir += global_val.print();
+        module_ir += "\n";
+    }
+    for (auto &func : this->function_list_) {
+        module_ir += func.print();
+        module_ir += "\n";
+    }
+    return module_ir;
+}

src/lightir/Type.cpp

+#include "Type.hpp"
+#include "Module.hpp"
+
+#include <array>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <stdexcept>
+
+Type::Type(TypeID tid, Module *m) {
+    tid_ = tid;
+    m_ = m;
+}
+
+bool Type::is_int1_type() const {
+    return is_integer_type() and
+           static_cast<const IntegerType *>(this)->get_num_bits() == 1;
+}
+bool Type::is_int32_type() const {
+    return is_integer_type() and
+           static_cast<const IntegerType *>(this)->get_num_bits() == 32;
+}
+
+Type *Type::get_pointer_element_type() const {
+    if (this->is_pointer_type())
+        return static_cast<const PointerType *>(this)->get_element_type();
+    assert(false and "get_pointer_element_type() called on non-pointer type");
+}
+
+Type *Type::get_array_element_type() const {
+    if (this->is_array_type())
+        return static_cast<const ArrayType *>(this)->get_element_type();
+    assert(false and "get_array_element_type() called on non-array type");
+}
+
+unsigned Type::get_size() const {
+    switch (get_type_id()) {
+    case IntegerTyID: {
+        if (is_int1_type())
+            return 1;
+        else if (is_int32_type())
+            return 4;
+        else
+            assert(false && "Type::get_size(): unexpected int type bits");
+    }
+    case ArrayTyID: {
+        auto array_type = static_cast<const ArrayType *>(this);
+        auto element_size = array_type->get_element_type()->get_size();
+        auto num_elements = array_type->get_num_of_elements();
+        return element_size * num_elements;
+    }
+    case PointerTyID:
+        return 8;
+    case FloatTyID:
+        return 4;
+    case VoidTyID:
+    case LabelTyID:
+    case FunctionTyID:
+        assert(false && "bad use on get_size()");
+    }
+    assert(false && "unreachable");
+}
+
+std::string Type::print() const {
+    std::string type_ir;
+    switch (this->get_type_id()) {
+    case VoidTyID:
+        type_ir += "void";
+        break;
+    case LabelTyID:
+        type_ir += "label";
+        break;
+    case IntegerTyID:
+        type_ir += "i";
+        type_ir += std::to_string(
+            static_cast<const IntegerType *>(this)->get_num_bits());
+        break;
+    case FunctionTyID:
+        type_ir +=
+            static_cast<const FunctionType *>(this)->get_return_type()->print();
+        type_ir += " (";
+        for (unsigned i = 0;
+             i < static_cast<const FunctionType *>(this)->get_num_of_args();
+             i++) {
+            if (i)
+                type_ir += ", ";
+            type_ir += static_cast<const FunctionType *>(this)
+                           ->get_param_type(i)
+                           ->print();
+        }
+        type_ir += ")";
+        break;
+    case PointerTyID:
+        type_ir += this->get_pointer_element_type()->print();
+        type_ir += "*";
+        break;
+    case ArrayTyID:
+        type_ir += "[";
+        type_ir += std::to_string(
+            static_cast<const ArrayType *>(this)->get_num_of_elements());
+        type_ir += " x ";
+        type_ir +=
+            static_cast<const ArrayType *>(this)->get_element_type()->print();
+        type_ir += "]";
+        break;
+    case FloatTyID:
+        type_ir += "float";
+        break;
+    default:
+        break;
+    }
+    return type_ir;
+}
+
+IntegerType::IntegerType(unsigned num_bits, Module *m)
+    : Type(Type::IntegerTyID, m), num_bits_(num_bits) {}
+
+unsigned IntegerType::get_num_bits() const { return num_bits_; }
+
+FunctionType::FunctionType(Type *result, std::vector<Type *> params)
+    : Type(Type::FunctionTyID, nullptr) {
+    assert(is_valid_return_type(result) && "Invalid return type for function!");
+    result_ = result;
+
+    for (auto p : params) {
+        assert(is_valid_argument_type(p) &&
+               "Not a valid type for function argument!");
+        args_.push_back(p);
+    }
+}
+
+bool FunctionType::is_valid_return_type(Type *ty) {
+    return ty->is_integer_type() || ty->is_void_type() || ty->is_float_type();
+}
+
+bool FunctionType::is_valid_argument_type(Type *ty) {
+    return ty->is_integer_type() || ty->is_pointer_type() ||
+           ty->is_float_type();
+}
+
+FunctionType *FunctionType::get(Type *result, std::vector<Type *> params) {
+    return result->get_module()->get_function_type(result, params);
+}
+
+unsigned FunctionType::get_num_of_args() const { return args_.size(); }
+
+Type *FunctionType::get_param_type(unsigned i) const { return args_[i]; }
+
+Type *FunctionType::get_return_type() const { return result_; }
+
+ArrayType::ArrayType(Type *contained, unsigned num_elements)
+    : Type(Type::ArrayTyID, contained->get_module()),
+      num_elements_(num_elements) {
+    assert(is_valid_element_type(contained) &&
+           "Not a valid type for array element!");
+    contained_ = contained;
+}
+
+bool ArrayType::is_valid_element_type(Type *ty) {
+    return ty->is_integer_type() || ty->is_array_type() || ty->is_float_type();
+}
+
+ArrayType *ArrayType::get(Type *contained, unsigned num_elements) {
+    return contained->get_module()->get_array_type(contained, num_elements);
+}
+
+PointerType::PointerType(Type *contained)
+    : Type(Type::PointerTyID, contained->get_module()), contained_(contained) {
+    static const std::array allowed_elem_type = {
+        Type::IntegerTyID, Type::FloatTyID, Type::ArrayTyID, Type::PointerTyID};
+    auto elem_type_id = contained->get_type_id();
+    assert(std::find(allowed_elem_type.begin(), allowed_elem_type.end(),
+                     elem_type_id) != allowed_elem_type.end() &&
+           "Not allowed type for pointer");
+}
+
+PointerType *PointerType::get(Type *contained) {
+    return contained->get_module()->get_pointer_type(contained);
+}
+
+FloatType::FloatType(Module *m) : Type(Type::FloatTyID, m) {}
+
+FloatType *FloatType::get(Module *m) { return m->get_float_type(); }

src/lightir/User.cpp

+#include "User.hpp"
+
+#include <cassert>
+
+void User::set_operand(unsigned i, Value *v) {
+    assert(i < operands_.size() && "set_operand out of index");
+    if (operands_[i]) { // old operand
+        operands_[i]->remove_use(this, i);
+    }
+    if (v) { // new operand
+        v->add_use(this, i);
+    }
+    operands_[i] = v;
+}
+
+void User::add_operand(Value *v) {
+    assert(v != nullptr && "bad use: add_operand(nullptr)");
+    v->add_use(this, operands_.size());
+    operands_.push_back(v);
+}
+
+void User::remove_all_operands() {
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i != operands_.size(); ++i) {
+        if (operands_[i]) {
+            operands_[i]->remove_use(this, i);
+        }
+    }
+    operands_.clear();
+}
+
+void User::remove_operand(unsigned idx) {
+    assert(idx < operands_.size() && "remove_operand out of index");
+    // influence on other operands
+    for (unsigned i = idx + 1; i < operands_.size(); ++i) {
+        operands_[i]->remove_use(this, i);
+        operands_[i]->add_use(this, i - 1);
+    }
+    // remove the designated operand
+    operands_[idx]->remove_use(this, idx);
+    operands_.erase(operands_.begin() + idx);
+}

src/lightir/Value.cpp

+#include "Value.hpp"
+#include "Type.hpp"
+#include "User.hpp"
+
+#include <cassert>
+
+bool Value::set_name(std::string name) {
+    if (name_ == "") {
+        name_ = name;
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+void Value::add_use(User *user, unsigned arg_no) {
+    use_list_.emplace_back(user, arg_no);
+};
+
+void Value::remove_use(User *user, unsigned arg_no) {
+    auto target_use = Use(user, arg_no);
+    use_list_.remove_if([&](const Use &use) { return use == target_use; });
+}
+
+void Value::replace_all_use_with(Value *new_val) {
+    if (this == new_val)
+        return;
+    while (use_list_.size()) {
+        auto use = use_list_.begin();
+        use->val_->set_operand(use->arg_no_, new_val);
+    }
+}
+
+void Value::replace_use_with_if(Value *new_val,
+                                std::function<bool(Use *)> should_replace) {
+    if (this == new_val)
+        return;
+    for (auto iter = use_list_.begin(); iter != use_list_.end();) {
+        auto use = *iter++;
+        if (not should_replace(&use))
+            continue;
+        use.val_->set_operand(use.arg_no_, new_val);
+    }
+}

src/logging/CMakeLists.txt

+add_executable(test_ast test_ast.cpp)
+add_executable(test_logging test_logging.cpp)
+target_link_libraries(test_ast syntax common)
+target_link_libraries(test_logging common)
+
+install(
+    TARGETS test_logging
+    RUNTIME DESTINATION bin
+)
+
+install(
+    TARGETS test_ast
+    RUNTIME DESTINATION bin
+)

src/logging/test_ast.cpp

+#include "ast.hpp"
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv) {
+    if (argc != 2) {
+        std::cout << "usage: " << argv[0] << " <cminus_file>" << std::endl;
+    } else {
+        auto s = parse(argv[1]);
+        auto a = AST(s);
+        auto printer = ASTPrinter();
+        a.run_visitor(printer);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}

src/logging/test_logging.cpp

+#include "logging.hpp"
+// 引入头文件
+int main() {
+    LOG(DEBUG) << "This is DEBUG log item.";
+    // 使用关键字LOG，括号中填入要输出的日志等级
+    // 紧接着就是<<以及日志的具体信息，这一步就跟使用std::cout一样
+    LOG(INFO) << "This is INFO log item";
+    LOG(WARNING) << "This is WARNING log item";
+    LOG(ERROR) << "This is ERROR log item";
+
+    return 0;
+}
\ No newline at end of file

src/parser/CMakeLists.txt

+flex_target(lex lexical_analyzer.l ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/lexical_analyzer.c)
+bison_target(syntax syntax_analyzer.y
+  ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/syntax_analyzer.c
+  DEFINES_FILE ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/syntax_analyzer.h)
+
+add_flex_bison_dependency(lex syntax)
+add_library(syntax STATIC
+  ${BISON_syntax_OUTPUTS}
+  ${FLEX_lex_OUTPUTS}
+)
+
+include_directories(${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR})
+add_executable(parser parser.c)
+target_link_libraries(parser syntax common)
+add_executable(lexer lexer.c)
+target_link_libraries(lexer syntax common)
+
+install(
+    TARGETS parser
+    RUNTIME DESTINATION bin
+)
+
+install(
+    TARGETS lexer
+    RUNTIME DESTINATION bin
+)

src/parser/lexer.c

+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <syntax_analyzer.h>
+
+///
+extern int lines;
+extern int pos_start;
+extern int pos_end;
+
+///
+extern FILE *yyin;
+extern char *yytext;
+extern int yylex();
+
+// Mac-only hack.
+YYSTYPE yylval;
+
+///
+int main(int argc, const char **argv) {
+    if (argc != 2) {
+        printf("usage: lexer input_file\n");
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    const char *input_file = argv[1];
+    yyin = fopen(input_file, "r");
+    if (!yyin) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "cannot open file: %s\n", input_file);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    int token;
+    printf("%5s\t%10s\t%s\t%s\n", "Token", "Text", "Line",
+           "Column (Start,End)");
+    while ((token = yylex())) {
+        printf("%-5d\t%10s\t%d\t(%d,%d)\n", token, yytext, lines, pos_start,
+               pos_end);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}

src/parser/lexical_analyzer.l

+%option noyywrap
+%{
+/*****************声明和选项设置  begin*****************/
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "syntax_tree.h"
+#include "syntax_analyzer.h"
+
+int lines=1;
+int pos_start=1;
+int pos_end=1;
+
+void pass_node(char *text){
+     yylval.node = new_syntax_tree_node(text);
+}
+
+/*****************声明和选项设置  end*****************/
+
+%}
+
+%x COMMENT
+
+%%
+ /* to do for students */
+ /* two cases for you, pass_node will send flex's token to bison */
+\+ 	{pos_start = pos_end; pos_end += 1; pass_node(yytext); return ADD;}
+\-	{pos_start = pos_end; pos_end += 1; pass_node(yytext); return SUB;}
+\*	{pos_start = pos_end; pos_end += 1; pass_node(yytext); return MUL;}
+\/	{pos_start = pos_end; pos_end += 1; pass_node(yytext); return DIV;}
+\<	{pos_start = pos_end; pos_end += 1; pass_node(yytext); return LT;}
+\<=	{pos_start = pos_end; pos_end += 2; pass_node(yytext); return LTE;}
+\>	{pos_start = pos_end; pos_end += 1; pass_node(yytext); return GT;}
+\>=	{pos_start = pos_end; pos_end += 2; pass_node(yytext); return GTE;}
+==	{pos_start = pos_end; pos_end += 2; pass_node(yytext); return EQ;}
+!=	{pos_start = pos_end; pos_end += 2; pass_node(yytext); return NEQ;}
+=	{pos_start = pos_end; pos_end += 1; pass_node(yytext); return ASSIGN;}
+;	{pos_start = pos_end; pos_end += 1; pass_node(yytext); return SEMICOLON;}
+,	{pos_start = pos_end; pos_end += 1; pass_node(yytext); return COMMA;}
+ /* TODO: phase1. 请在这里补充其他的词法规则 */
+
+
+. { pos_start = pos_end; pos_end++; return ERROR; }
+
+ /****请在此补全所有flex的模式与动作  end******/
+%%

src/parser/parser.c

+#include "syntax_tree.h"
+extern syntax_tree *parse(const char *);
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+    syntax_tree *tree = NULL;
+    const char *input = NULL;
+
+    if (argc == 2) {
+        input = argv[1];
+    } else if (argc >= 3) {
+        printf("usage: %s <cminus_file>\n", argv[0]);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    // Call the syntax analyzer.
+    tree = parse(input);
+    print_syntax_tree(stdout, tree);
+    del_syntax_tree(tree);
+    return 0;
+}

src/parser/syntax_analyzer.y

+%{
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+
+#include "syntax_tree.h"
+
+// external functions from lex
+extern int yylex();
+extern int yyparse();
+extern int yyrestart();
+extern FILE * yyin;
+
+// external variables from lexical_analyzer module
+extern int lines;
+extern char * yytext;
+extern int pos_end;
+extern int pos_start;
+
+// Global syntax tree
+syntax_tree *gt;
+
+// Error reporting
+void yyerror(const char *s);
+
+// Helper functions written for you with love
+syntax_tree_node *node(const char *node_name, int children_num, ...);
+%}
+
+/* Complete this definition.
+   Hint: See pass_node(), node(), and syntax_tree.h.
+         Use forward declaring. */
+%union {
+     struct _syntax_tree_node * node;
+	 char * name;
+}
+
+/* Your tokens here. */
+%token <node> ERROR
+%token <node> ADD
+%token <node> SUB
+%token <node> MUL
+%token <node> DIV
+%token <node> LT
+%token <node> LTE
+%token <node> GT
+%token <node> GTE
+%token <node> EQ
+%token <node> NEQ
+%token <node> ASSIGN
+%token <node> SEMICOLON
+%token <node> COMMA
+%token <node> LPARENTHESE
+%token <node> RPARENTHESE
+%token <node> LBRACKET
+%token <node> RBRACKET
+%token <node> LBRACE
+%token <node> RBRACE
+%token <node> ELSE
+%token <node> IF
+%token <node> INT
+%token <node> RETURN
+%token <node> VOID
+%token <node> WHILE
+%token <node> IDENTIFIER
+%token <node> INTEGER
+%token <node> FLOAT             // 这个token 对应float 关键字
+%token <node> FLOATPOINT        // 这个token 对应 浮点数值, 如果分不清的同学可以参考type-specifier的文法和对应产生式规则
+//%token <node> EOL
+//%token <node> BLANK
+//%token <node> COMMENT
+%type <node> program declaration-list declaration var-declaration type-specifier fun-declaration params param-list param compound-stmt local-declarations statement-list statement expression-stmt selection-stmt iteration-stmt return-stmt expression var simple-expression relop additive-expression addop term mulop factor integer float call args arg-list
+
+/* compulsory starting symbol */
+%start program
+
+%%
+/* Your rules here. TA has completed many */
+
+program : 	declaration-list {$$ = node( "program", 1, $1); gt->root = $$;}
+		;
+
+declaration-list 	: 	declaration-list declaration {$$ = node( "declaration-list", 2, $1, $2);}
+					|	declaration {$$ = node( "declaration-list", 1, $1);}
+					;
+
+declaration : 	var-declaration {$$ = node( "declaration", 1, $1);}
+			| 	fun-declaration {$$ = node( "declaration", 1, $1);}
+			;
+
+var-declaration : 	type-specifier IDENTIFIER SEMICOLON {$$ = node( "var-declaration", 3, $1, $2, $3);}
+                | 	type-specifier IDENTIFIER LBRACKET INTEGER RBRACKET SEMICOLON {$$ = node( "var-declaration", 6, $1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6);}
+                ;
+
+type-specifier 	: 	INT {$$ = node( "type-specifier", 1, $1);}
+				| 	FLOAT { $$ = node( "type-specifier", 1, $1); }
+				| 	VOID {$$ = node( "type-specifier", 1, $1);}
+				;
+
+fun-declaration : 	type-specifier IDENTIFIER LPARENTHESE params RPARENTHESE compound-stmt {$$ = node( "fun-declaration", 6, $1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6);}
+				;
+
+params 	: 	param-list {$$ = node( "params", 1, $1);}
+		|	VOID {$$ = node( "params", 1, $1);}
+		;
+
+param-list 	: 	param-list COMMA param {$$ = node( "param-list", 3, $1, $2, $3);}
+			| 	param {$$ = node( "param-list", 1, $1);}
+			;
+
+param 	: 	type-specifier IDENTIFIER {$$ = node( "param", 2, $1, $2);}
+		| 	type-specifier IDENTIFIER LBRACKET RBRACKET {$$ = node( "param", 4, $1, $2, $3, $4);}
+		;
+
+compound-stmt 	: 	LBRACE local-declarations statement-list RBRACE {$$ = node( "compound-stmt", 4, $1, $2, $3, $4);}
+				;
+
+local-declarations 	: 	local-declarations var-declaration {$$ = node( "local-declarations", 2, $1, $2);}
+| 	{$$ = node( "local-declarations",0);}
+					;
+
+statement-list 	: 	statement-list statement {$$ = node( "statement-list", 2, $1, $2);}
+| 	{$$ = node( "statement-list",0);}
+                    ;
+// TODO: phase1. 补充其他的文法产生式逻辑
+
+%%
+
+/// The error reporting function.
+void yyerror(const char * s)
+{
+    // TO STUDENTS: This is just an example.
+    // You can customize it as you like.
+    fprintf(stderr, "error at line %d column %d: %s\n", lines, pos_start, s);
+}
+
+/// Parse input from file `input_path`, and prints the parsing results
+/// to stdout.  If input_path is NULL, read from stdin.
+///
+/// This function initializes essential states before running yyparse().
+syntax_tree *parse(const char *input_path)
+{
+    if (input_path != NULL) {
+        if (!(yyin = fopen(input_path, "r"))) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "[ERR] Open input file %s failed.\n", input_path);
+            exit(1);
+        }
+    } else {
+        yyin = stdin;
+    }
+
+    lines = pos_start = pos_end = 1;
+    gt = new_syntax_tree();
+    yyrestart(yyin);
+    yyparse();
+    return gt;
+}
+
+/// A helper function to quickly construct a tree node.
+///
+/// e.g. $$ = node("program", 1, $1);
+syntax_tree_node *node(const char *name, int children_num, ...)
+{
+    syntax_tree_node *p = new_syntax_tree_node(name);
+    syntax_tree_node *child;
+    // 这里表示 epsilon结点是通过 children_num == 0 来判断的
+    if (children_num == 0) {
+        child = new_syntax_tree_node("epsilon");
+        syntax_tree_add_child(p, child);
+    } else {
+        va_list ap;
+        va_start(ap, children_num);
+        for (int i = 0; i < children_num; ++i) {
+            child = va_arg(ap, syntax_tree_node *);
+            syntax_tree_add_child(p, child);
+        }
+        va_end(ap);
+    }
+    return p;
+}

tests/1-parser/cleanup.sh

+#!/bin/sh
+rm -rf output_student/*
+rm -rf output_student_ast/*

tests/1-parser/eval_phase1.sh

+#!/bin/bash
+
+# DO NOT MODIFY!
+# If you need customized behavior, please create your own script.
+
+function run_tests() {
+    local TESTCASE_DIR=$1
+    local OUTPUT_DIR=$2
+    local OUTPUT_STD_DIR=$3
+    local score=0
+    local total=0
+
+    mkdir -p "$OUTPUT_DIR"
+
+    # 对每个 .cminus 文件生成 syntax_tree 文件
+    for testcase in "$TESTCASE_DIR"/*.cminus; do
+        filename="$(basename "$testcase")"
+
+        echo "[info] Analyzing $filename"
+        
+        # 生成学生的 syntax_tree 文件
+        "$BUILD_DIR"/parser "$testcase" > "$OUTPUT_DIR/${filename%.cminus}.syntax_tree"
+        
+        # 比较当前文件的输出与标准输出
+        if [[ ${2:-no} != "no" ]]; then
+            echo "[info] Comparing $filename..."
+            
+            # 如果是详细模式
+            if [[ ${2:-no} == "verbose" ]]; then
+                diff "$OUTPUT_DIR/${filename%.cminus}.syntax_tree" "$OUTPUT_STD_DIR/${filename%.cminus}.syntax_tree"
+            else
+                diff -q "$OUTPUT_DIR/${filename%.cminus}.syntax_tree" "$OUTPUT_STD_DIR/${filename%.cminus}.syntax_tree"
+            fi
+
+            # 检查 diff 的返回值
+            if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
+                echo "[info] $filename is correct!"
+                let score=score+1   # 正确时得分+1
+            else
+                echo "[info] $filename differs from the expected output."
+            fi
+        fi
+
+        let total=total+1  # 总文件数+1
+
+        rm -f "$CUR_DIR/${filename%.cminus}"
+    done
+
+    # 输出当前测试集的得分
+    echo "[info] Score for $TESTCASE_DIR: $score/$total"
+    return $score
+}
+
+# 检查命令行参数是否足够
+if [[ $# -lt 1 ]]; then
+    echo "usage: ./eval_phase1.sh   <input> [<summary>]"
+    echo "       <input> can be one of 'easy', 'normal', 'hard', 'testcases_general', or '-all'."
+    echo "       <summary> can be one of 'no', 'yes', and 'verbose'. the default value is 'no'"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+CUR_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" >/dev/null 2>&1 && pwd)"
+BUILD_DIR="$CUR_DIR/../../build"
+
+# 检查是否使用了 -all 选项
+if [[ $1 == "-all" ]]; then
+    TOTAL_SCORE=0
+    TOTAL_FILES=0
+    # 定义四个测试集
+    TESTCASES=("easy" "normal" "hard" "testcases_general")
+
+    for TESTCASE in "${TESTCASES[@]}"; do
+        if [[ $TESTCASE == "testcases_general" ]]; then
+            TESTCASE_DIR="$CUR_DIR/../$TESTCASE"
+        else
+            TESTCASE_DIR="$CUR_DIR/input/$TESTCASE"
+        fi
+        OUTPUT_DIR="$CUR_DIR/output_student/$TESTCASE"
+        OUTPUT_STD_DIR="$CUR_DIR/output_standard/$TESTCASE"
+
+        # 计算有效文件数
+        VALID_FILES=$(find "$TESTCASE_DIR" -maxdepth 1 -name '*.cminus' | wc -l)
+        echo "[info] Found $VALID_FILES valid files in $TESTCASE_DIR"
+
+        run_tests "$TESTCASE_DIR" "$OUTPUT_DIR" "$OUTPUT_STD_DIR" $2
+        CURRENT_SCORE=$?
+
+        let TOTAL_SCORE+=CURRENT_SCORE
+        TOTAL_FILES=$(($TOTAL_FILES + $VALID_FILES))
+    done
+
+    # 输出总分
+    echo "[info] Total score for all testcases: $TOTAL_SCORE/$TOTAL_FILES"
+
+else
+    # 单个测试集处理
+    TESTCASE="$1"
+    if [[ $TESTCASE == "easy" || $TESTCASE == "normal" || $TESTCASE == "hard" ]]; then
+        TESTCASE_DIR="$CUR_DIR/input/$TESTCASE"
+    elif [[ $TESTCASE == "testcases_general" ]]; then
+        TESTCASE_DIR="$CUR_DIR/../$TESTCASE"
+    fi
+
+    OUTPUT_DIR="$CUR_DIR/output_student/$TESTCASE"
+    OUTPUT_STD_DIR="$CUR_DIR/output_standard/$TESTCASE"
+
+    # 运行单个测试集
+    run_tests "$TESTCASE_DIR" "$OUTPUT_DIR" "$OUTPUT_STD_DIR" $2
+fi
\ No newline at end of file

tests/1-parser/eval_phase2.sh

+#!/bin/bash
+
+# DO NOT MODIFY!
+# If you need customized behavior, please create your own script.
+
+function run_tests() {
+    local TESTCASE_DIR=$1
+    local OUTPUT_DIR=$2
+    local OUTPUT_STD_DIR=$3
+    local score=0
+    local total=0
+
+    mkdir -p "$OUTPUT_DIR"
+
+    # 对每个 .cminus 文件生成 ast 文件
+    for testcase in "$TESTCASE_DIR"/*.cminus; do
+        filename="$(basename "$testcase")"
+
+        # 检查文件名是否以 FAIL 开头，跳过该文件
+        if [[ "$filename" == FAIL* ]]; then
+            echo "[info] Skipping $filename (starts with FAIL)"
+            continue
+        fi
+
+        echo "[info] Analyzing $filename"
+        
+        # 生成学生的 AST 文件
+        "$BUILD_DIR"/cminusfc -emit-ast "$testcase" > "$OUTPUT_DIR/${filename%.cminus}.ast"
+        
+        # 比较当前文件的输出与标准输出
+        if [[ ${2:-no} != "no" ]]; then
+            echo "[info] Comparing $filename..."
+            
+            # 如果是详细模式
+            if [[ ${2:-no} == "verbose" ]]; then
+                diff "$OUTPUT_DIR/${filename%.cminus}.ast" "$OUTPUT_STD_DIR/${filename%.cminus}.ast"
+            else
+                diff -q "$OUTPUT_DIR/${filename%.cminus}.ast" "$OUTPUT_STD_DIR/${filename%.cminus}.ast"
+            fi
+
+            # 检查 diff 的返回值
+            if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
+                echo "[info] $filename is correct!"
+                let score=score+1   # 正确时得分+1
+            else
+                echo "[info] $filename differs from the expected output."
+            fi
+        fi
+
+        let total=total+1  # 总文件数+1
+
+        rm -f "$CUR_DIR/${filename%.cminus}"
+    done
+
+    # 输出当前测试集的得分
+    echo "[info] Score for $TESTCASE_DIR: $score/$total"
+    return $score
+}
+
+# 检查命令行参数是否足够
+if [[ $# -lt 1 ]]; then
+    echo "usage: ./eval_phase2.sh   <input> [<summary>]"
+    echo "       <input> can be one of 'easy', 'normal', 'hard', 'testcases_general', or '-all'."
+    echo "       <summary> can be one of 'no', 'yes', and 'verbose'. the default value is 'no'"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+CUR_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" >/dev/null 2>&1 && pwd)"
+BUILD_DIR="$CUR_DIR/../../build"
+
+# 检查是否使用了 -all 选项
+if [[ $1 == "-all" ]]; then
+    TOTAL_SCORE=0
+    TOTAL_FILES=0
+    # 定义四个测试集
+    TESTCASES=("easy" "normal" "hard" "testcases_general")
+
+    for TESTCASE in "${TESTCASES[@]}"; do
+        if [[ $TESTCASE == "testcases_general" ]]; then
+            TESTCASE_DIR="$CUR_DIR/../$TESTCASE"
+        else
+            TESTCASE_DIR="$CUR_DIR/input/$TESTCASE"
+        fi
+        OUTPUT_DIR="$CUR_DIR/output_student_ast/$TESTCASE"
+        OUTPUT_STD_DIR="$CUR_DIR/output_standard_ast/$TESTCASE"
+
+        # 计算有效文件数，跳过以 FAIL 开头的文件
+        VALID_FILES=$(find "$TESTCASE_DIR" -maxdepth 1 -name '*.cminus' ! -name 'FAIL*' | wc -l)
+        echo "[info] Found $VALID_FILES valid files in $TESTCASE_DIR"
+
+        # 运行测试集并跳过以 FAIL 开头的文件
+        run_tests "$TESTCASE_DIR" "$OUTPUT_DIR" "$OUTPUT_STD_DIR" $2
+        CURRENT_SCORE=$?
+
+        let TOTAL_SCORE+=CURRENT_SCORE
+        TOTAL_FILES=$(($TOTAL_FILES + $VALID_FILES))
+    done
+
+    # 输出总分
+    echo "[info] Total score for all testcases: $TOTAL_SCORE/$TOTAL_FILES"
+
+else
+    # 单个测试集处理
+    TESTCASE="$1"
+    if [[ $TESTCASE == "easy" || $TESTCASE == "normal" || $TESTCASE == "hard" ]]; then
+        TESTCASE_DIR="$CUR_DIR/input/$TESTCASE"
+    elif [[ $TESTCASE == "testcases_general" ]]; then
+        TESTCASE_DIR="$CUR_DIR/../$TESTCASE"
+    fi
+
+    OUTPUT_DIR="$CUR_DIR/output_student_ast/$TESTCASE"
+    OUTPUT_STD_DIR="$CUR_DIR/output_standard_ast/$TESTCASE"
+
+    # 运行单个测试集
+    run_tests "$TESTCASE_DIR" "$OUTPUT_DIR" "$OUTPUT_STD_DIR" $2
+fi
\ No newline at end of file

tests/1-parser/input/easy/FAIL_comment.cminus

+/* unclosed comment
\ No newline at end of file

tests/1-parser/input/easy/FAIL_comment2.cminus

+// cminus dont support comment like that
+
+int main(void){
+    return 0;
+}
\ No newline at end of file

tests/1-parser/input/easy/FAIL_function.cminus

+/* unclosed function */
+int main(void)
+{
\ No newline at end of file

tests/1-parser/input/easy/FAIL_id.cminus

+int a1;
+int f1(void) {}
+int f2(void) {}

tests/1-parser/input/easy/expr.cminus

+/*Basic num part*/
+int main(void){
+    a = 0;
+
+    x = 0.0;
+    x = 1.;
+    x = .1;
+
+    a = 1+1;
+    a = a-1;
+
+    x = x*1;
+    x = a/x;
+
+    return 0;
+}
\ No newline at end of file

tests/1-parser/input/easy/id.cminus

+int a;
+int f(void) {}
+int g(void) {}

tests/1-parser/input/hard/You_Should_Pass.cminus

+/*
+    I konw it's weird, even stupid, to code C like this. w(ﾟДﾟ)w
+    HOWEVER, we have to use some tricky cases to test your answer.
+*/
+
+float GVAR;
+void NeverEverDeclareLikeThis;
+int GARRAY[2333];
+
+void MyFuncA(int floatNum, float intNum, void voidNums[]){
+    int IKnowYouAreVoid;
+    return MyFuncB(IKnowYouAreVoid);
+}
+
+float MyFuncB(void){
+    int IAmVoid[0];
+    return MyFuncA(.0, 0, IAmVoid);
+}
+
+int main(void){
+
+    int a; int b; int c;
+
+    a = b = c = (85 == 84 + 0.4);
+
+    if(a = b){
+        GARRAY[ ( MyFuncB() ) ] = GARRAY[c = 1.*.1 == 1.1];
+    }else if (MyFuncC(NotDeclared)){
+
+    }else;
+
+    return 0.;
+}
\ No newline at end of file

tests/1-parser/input/hard/assoc.cminus

+/* associativity and precedence */
+int main(void)
+{
+  a = b = c = 1 + 1 / 2 * 1 * (1 + 1 + 1 - 1 / 1) + 3 + 4 * 3;
+}

tests/1-parser/input/hard/gcd.cminus

+int gcd (int u, int v) { /* calculate the gcd of u and v */
+    if (v == 0) return u;
+    else return gcd(v, u - u / v * v); /* v,u-u/v*v is equals to u mod v*/
+}
+int main(void) {
+        int x; int y; int temp;
+    x = 72;
+        y = 18;
+    if (x<y) {
+        temp = x;
+        x = y;
+        y = temp;
+    }
+    gcd(x,y);
+    return 0;
+}

tests/1-parser/input/hard/hanoi.cminus

+void move(int x, int y)
+{
+    putint(x); putch(32); putint(y); putch(44); putch(32);
+}
+
+void hanoi(int n, int one, int two, int three)
+{
+    if (n == 1)
+        move(one, three);
+    else {
+        hanoi(n - 1, one, three, two);
+        move(one, three);
+        hanoi(n - 1, two, one, three);
+    }
+}
+
+int main(void )
+{
+    int n;
+    n = getint();
+    while (n > 0) {
+        hanoi(getint(), 1, 2, 3);
+        putch(10);
+        n = n - 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}

tests/1-parser/input/hard/if.cminus

+/* else should be bound to the closest if */
+int main(void)
+{
+  if (1) {} else if (2) {} else {}
+  return 0;
+}

tests/1-parser/input/hard/selectionsort.cminus

+/* this is the sample program in C- in the book "Compiler Construction" */
+/* A program to perform selection sort on a 10 element array. */
+int x[10];
+int minloc ( int a[], int low, int high )
+{ int i; int x; int k;
+  k = low;
+  x = a[low];
+  i = low + 1;
+  while (i < high)
+    { if (a[i] < x)
+      { x = a[i];
+        k = i; }
+      i = i + 1;
+     }
+  return k;
+ }
+
+ void sort( int a[], int low, int high)
+ { int i; int k;
+   i = low;
+   while ( i < high-1)
+   { int t;
+     k = minloc(a, i, high);
+     t = a[k];
+     a[k] = a[i];
+     a[i] = t;
+     i = i + 1;
+  }
+ }
+
+ void main(void)
+ {  int i;
+   i = 0;
+   while ( i < 10)
+     {  x[i] = input();
+       i = i + 1; }
+   sort(x, 0, 10);
+   i = 0;
+   while (i < 10)
+     { output(x[i]);
+       i = i + 1; }
+ }

tests/1-parser/input/normal/FAIL_assign.cminus

+int main(void)
+{
+  a=1;
+  1=a;
+}

tests/1-parser/input/normal/FAIL_local-decl.cminus

+int main(void){
+    int a;
+    a = 1;
+    int b;
+    return 0;
+}
\ No newline at end of file

tests/1-parser/input/normal/array.cminus

+int main(void) {
+	int array[1];
+	array[1] = 0;
+	return 0;
+}

tests/1-parser/input/normal/func.cminus

+float foo(float a, float b[]) {
+	return 1;
+}
+
+int main(void) {
+	return 0;
+}

tests/1-parser/input/normal/if.cminus

+/*Basic selection part*/
+
+int main(void){
+    int a; int b;
+
+    a = 1;
+    b = 1;
+
+    if(a != b){
+        if(a == b);
+        else{
+            a = b;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
\ No newline at end of file

tests/1-parser/input/normal/local-decl.cminus

+int main(void) {
+	int i; float j;
+	void v;
+	return 0;
+}

tests/1-parser/input/normal/skip_spaces.cminus

+/*
+
+int main() {
+  int arr[100];
+  int i;
+  int sum;
+  i = 0;
+  sum = 0;
+  while (getint()) {
+  	arr[i] = getint();
+    i = i + 1;
+  }*/
+int main(void) {
+  int arr[100];
+  int i;
+  int sum;
+  i = 0;
+  sum = 0;
+  while (getint()) {
+  	arr[i] = getint();
+    i = i + 1;
+  }
+	while (i) {
+    i = i - 1;
+    sum = sum + arr[i];
+  }
+  return sum - 79;
+}

tests/1-parser/output_standard/easy/id.syntax_tree

+>--+ program
+|  >--+ declaration-list
+|  |  >--+ declaration-list
+|  |  |  >--+ declaration-list
+|  |  |  |  >--+ declaration
+|  |  |  |  |  >--+ var-declaration
+|  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ type-specifier
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--* int
+|  |  |  |  |  |  >--* a
+|  |  |  |  |  |  >--* ;
+|  |  |  >--+ declaration
+|  |  |  |  >--+ fun-declaration
+|  |  |  |  |  >--+ type-specifier
+|  |  |  |  |  |  >--* int
+|  |  |  |  |  >--* f
+|  |  |  |  |  >--* (
+|  |  |  |  |  >--+ params
+|  |  |  |  |  |  >--* void
+|  |  |  |  |  >--* )
+|  |  |  |  |  >--+ compound-stmt
+|  |  |  |  |  |  >--* {
+|  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ local-declarations
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--* epsilon
+|  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ statement-list
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--* epsilon
+|  |  |  |  |  |  >--* }
+|  |  >--+ declaration
+|  |  |  >--+ fun-declaration
+|  |  |  |  >--+ type-specifier
+|  |  |  |  |  >--* int
+|  |  |  |  >--* g
+|  |  |  |  >--* (
+|  |  |  |  >--+ params
+|  |  |  |  |  >--* void
+|  |  |  |  >--* )
+|  |  |  |  >--+ compound-stmt
+|  |  |  |  |  >--* {
+|  |  |  |  |  >--+ local-declarations
+|  |  |  |  |  |  >--* epsilon
+|  |  |  |  |  >--+ statement-list
+|  |  |  |  |  |  >--* epsilon
+|  |  |  |  |  >--* }

tests/1-parser/output_standard/hard/if.syntax_tree

+>--+ program
+|  >--+ declaration-list
+|  |  >--+ declaration
+|  |  |  >--+ fun-declaration
+|  |  |  |  >--+ type-specifier
+|  |  |  |  |  >--* int
+|  |  |  |  >--* main
+|  |  |  |  >--* (
+|  |  |  |  >--+ params
+|  |  |  |  |  >--* void
+|  |  |  |  >--* )
+|  |  |  |  >--+ compound-stmt
+|  |  |  |  |  >--* {
+|  |  |  |  |  >--+ local-declarations
+|  |  |  |  |  |  >--* epsilon
+|  |  |  |  |  >--+ statement-list
+|  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ statement-list
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ statement-list
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--* epsilon
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ statement
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ selection-stmt
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--* if
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--* (
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ expression
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ simple-expression
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ additive-expression
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ term
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ factor
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ integer
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--* 1
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--* )
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ statement
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ compound-stmt
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--* {
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ local-declarations
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--* epsilon
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ statement-list
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--* epsilon
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--* }
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--* else
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ statement
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ selection-stmt
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--* if
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--* (
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ expression
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ simple-expression
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ additive-expression
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ term
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ factor
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ integer
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--* 2
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--* )
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ statement
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ compound-stmt
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--* {
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ local-declarations
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--* epsilon
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ statement-list
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--* epsilon
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--* }
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--* else
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ statement
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ compound-stmt
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--* {
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ local-declarations
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--* epsilon
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ statement-list
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--* epsilon
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--* }
+|  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ statement
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ return-stmt
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--* return
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ expression
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ simple-expression
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ additive-expression
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ term
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ factor
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--+ integer
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--* 0
+|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  >--* ;
+|  |  |  |  |  >--* }